Title IX: The Era of Equality For All

By jmcrae04

  • Title IX is enacted by Congress

    President Richard Nixon signed this amendment that was created by Birch Bayh and Edith Green. Title IX states that "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the bene ts of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance” (Rubin and Lough 2015).

  • The Expansion to Athletes

    "Congress passed the Javits Amendment, which 'expanded the meaning of Title IX specifically to include intercollegiate athletics'" (2015). This would help focus on the equality of​ both sexes and would regularly be monitor by the correct officials.

  • President Submits Review

    Title IX is signed by President Richard Nixon then is submitted​ for a congressional review. (Us. Const. Ed amend. Title IX)

  • Making Title IX Public

    After Congress approved the Javits Amendment the year before "The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (H.E.W.) publicized federal regulations to enforce the law (U.S. Department of Education, 1975)" (Mak 2006).

  • NCAA Opposes Title IX

    "Organizations like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the College Football Coaches Association (CFCA) strongly opposed its application to athletics or at least to men’s “revenue producing” sports. H.E.W. Secretary Caspar Weinberger defended the law, noting that Title IX made no exceptions for athletics or any other educational programs" (2006).

  • Propose Policy & Comply

    Title IX and Intercollegiate Athletics are proposed by HEW.
    Colleges and high schools have to follow athletics requirements that are in Title IX.

  • Final Policy

    The final policy interpretation for Title IX and Intercollegiate Athletics is issued by HEW. This final policy would allow schools to provide an ​equal opportunity (Us. Const. Ed amend. Title IX).

  • The Creation of the Education of Department

    The Department of Education is established and given control over Title IX (Us. Const. Ed amend. Title IX).

  • Grove City v. Bell

    "This was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that Title IX, which applies only to colleges and universities that receive federal funds, could be applied to a private school that refused direct federal funding" (465 US 555 1984).

  • Haffer v. Temple University

    The lawsuit that was won by the plaintiff that allows female athletic departments budgets, scholarships and participation. This paved the way for female athletes.

  • Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools

    You are allowed to receive a small amount of money under Title IX for students who are sexually harassed. Shortly after this case, the NCAA finishes a study for gender-equity for​ all of its players.

  • Brentwood v. Tennessee Secondary School

    States that high school players are considered actors for the state and must adhere to the constitution. A state actor is a person who is an image is a government body (Us. Const. Ed amend. Title IX).

  • Policy Guidance Issued

    The Department of Education issued a guidance policy that allowed the schools to send survey emails to female athletes asking what sports they are interested in playing (Us. Const. Ed amend. Title IX).

  • Additional Clarification

    Additional Clarification which​ was to revoke all documents that were associated with the policy guidance including the survey (Us. Const. Ed amend. Title IX).

  • Protection of Sexual Harassment & Violence

    DOE issued that Title IX will protect every student including athletes. "The sexual harassment of students, including sexual violence, interferes with students’ right to receive an education free from discrimination and, in the case of sexual violence, is a crime" (Us. Const. Ed amend. Title IX).

  • The Future of Title IX

    With president Trump in office, there is no uncertainty of what the future may have on Title IX. I see that many issues that president Trump believes in goes against what Title IX states. I believe​ that many student-athletes mainly female will not be able fully protected as they should be protected.

  • References

    Mak, J. Y. (2006). The impact of Title IX on athletics development in the United States. Journal of Physical Education & Recreation, 12(1), 34-38. Rubin, L. M., & Lough, N. L. (2015). Perspectives of Title IX Pioneers: Equity, Equality and Need. Journal Of Intercollegiate Sport, 8(2), 109-130. U.S. Const. amend. IX https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/t9interp.html#skipnav2