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Jefferson allowed schooling for kids for 3 years. Then a small group would continue education.
Enslaved people were not allowed schooling. -
Noah Webster released a book for kids in schools to read and spell.
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Horace Mann would go around to public schools on a horse and assess whether or not they were good quality. Creating reform for Common Schools that the government would pay for.
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At the time most schools students were Protestants. A lot of Irish Catholic were immigrating to New York and going to these schools. Creating conflict among Catholics and Protestants and the conversation of religion in public schools.
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The New York City Board of Education was created. This meant they could figure out of funding for these public schools.
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The Bible riots were a conflict between Catholics and Protestants over how religion should be presented in public schools in Philadelphia. Over 13 people died.
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Overall, School Boards defended segregation in public schools. At the time most African Americans were put into poor segregated schools.
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Sarah Roberts was one of many children who were forced to go to Black-only schools. On her way to this school there was 5 other ones that denied her. Unfortunately, Roberts lost their case.
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By the 1900s, the Kindergarten Movement was expanding, encouraging the development of student's education to start at a young age.
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During the Colonial period most teachers were women. This was a way to find jobs for women.
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John Dewey was a theorist who was focused on reforming schools by a progressive education. The idea of students learning by doing.
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Required children of ages 8 to 18 years old to regularly attend school.
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Believed in student participation and engagement. Which also helped citizens with social, political and economic benefits.
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1905 Binet's and Simon's IQ test was the first recognized.
Later, IQ tests were administered for those who were enlisted in the army who were entering World War 1. -
The first Montessori school opened in NY in 1911. Montessori school focused on what the students wanted to do. Gave students resources to help engage in their learning.
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In 1929 the stock market crashed, overproduction, high employment rates and government policies. This caused people to lose their jobs and businesses. This caused children's education to decrease in quality with little resources. Students quit schools to get jobs in farms/factories.
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Schools were segregated - separate but unequal
Lawyers of NACCP were visiting schools to prove the issues with segregation in education. -
The fair labor standards acts was enacted to protect the rights of children. So their work did not hurt their health, education and safety.
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1950s generation were the post war baby boomers
Schools had to prepare students of bombs
There weren't any women teams in schools
Segregation within classes
72% of disabled children were not in schools -
The NACCP advised 13 African American families to enlist their children into local white schools. All 13 children were turned away.
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Brown v Board of Education found schools that were "separate but equal" were unconstitutional. This is a very famous case because overall it paved the way for Civil Rights movement and desegregation in institutions.
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9 African American students were meant with hostility and the National Guard when trying to enter the integrated school Little Rock.
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After the Civil Rights movement, the Chicano/a movement created awareness of Mexican-American culture and people.
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Women were fighting for equal rights
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After Kennedy was assassinated, his running mate Johnson became president. Johnson was a teacher, he believed an equal chance at education created an equal chance to life.
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Johnson signed the act that enforced schools to integrate if they did not, funding would be taken away. It prohibited discrimination in public places and discrimination in employment illegal.
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Gave colleges resources and help students financially.
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In the Southwest most Mexican-Americans never made it to high school, they were discouraged. In the schools, 87% of the students were Mexican-American while their teachers were primarily white. Parents and students focused on the School Board to make change - 4 out of 7 board members were Mexican-American. This allowed them to speak Spanish, learn Chicano culture, and brought students back into the classroom.
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A federal law stating institutions could not discriminate based on sex or gender and are treated fairly. In 1974 The federal government was charge for not enforcing Title IX and helped create resources for women. This also helps create IDEA act.
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The U.S. Supreme Court accepted bussing students to different schools so they could integrate schools.
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In East Harlem, allowed students to choose which schools they wanted to go to. Schools that did not have enough students would be shut down, this would motivate other schools to be better in fear of being shut down.
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Provided resources for students with limited English speaking, creating programs so they are not forced to lose their culture/language.
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To protect the rights of children with disabilities. This was incredibly important for families and communities of disabled individuals to help get their needs met.
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President Ronald Reagan spoke to the nation to reform the public education. He saw public education as failing since other countries were succeeding economically. Reagan believed public education was to raise people to become a part of the economy. This created the idea for schools being excellent, higher expectations, and this created high stakes testing.
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A private company EAI in Baltimore helped fund public schools. Focused on teaching high tech education. Would cut teachers unions and replaced teachers with interns. Would earn money by putting sponsers around the schools.
This had a lot of traction even the first lady Hilary Clinton.
When tested students did not do any better than regular public schools so this did not last long -
In Wisconsin passed the first voucher system. This gave 400 low-income children to go to private schools.
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Late 1990s right winged Christians made homeschooling legal in all 50 states.
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Reauthorized and renamed from the 1975 act. Allows disabled students to be able to go to school and get the support they need in the classroom.
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Had a traditional teacher approach that centered the teacher to the students. Focused on equity and giving the same content to the entire country.
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Focused on critical thinking skills. Learned by doing and more project based.