Philip V, a French Bourbon, ascends to the Spanish throne, ending the Habsburg reign.
The War of the Spanish Succession is fought over the Bourbon claim, leading to Spain ceding territory but Philip V securing his crown via the Treaty of Utrecht.
Britain gains Gibraltar and Menorca from Spain as a result of the Treaty of Utrecht.
Charles III succeeds his childless half-brother, Ferdinand VI, and begins implementing Enlightenment-inspired "Bourbon Reforms"
Charles IV succeeds his father, but his reign is dominated by conflicts with Revolutionary France. The Napoleonic Interruption and the Conservative Restoration (19th Century)
Napoleon forces Charles IV and his son Ferdinand VII to abdicate, placing his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the throne and sparking the Peninsular War.
Ferdinand VII is restored to the throne and immediately revokes the liberal constitution of 1812, reestablishing an absolute monarchy.
Upon Ferdinand VII's death, his daughter Isabella II succeeds him, triggering the First Carlist War against her uncle, who sought to enforce Salic law.
Isabella II is deposed by the "Glorious Revolution" due to her unpopularity, leading to a period of democratic experimentation.
The monarchy is restored with Isabella's son, Alfonso XII, bringing a period of relative stability. The End of the Old Monarchy and the Modern Restoration (20th–21st Century)
Alfonso XIII supports the military dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera, which erodes the monarchy's legitimacy.
