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King Louis XVI called a meeting of the three social classes (clergy, nobles, and commoners) to discuss France’s financial crisis, but it led to demands for change. -
The French Revolution began when angry Parisians stormed the Bastille, a prison that symbolized the king’s power. They wanted weapons and to stand against tyranny. -
A key document of the revolution that stated all men are born free and have equal rights, including liberty, property, and security. -
A document by Olympe de Gouges demanding equal rights for women, inspired by the Declaration of the Rights of Man. -
King Louis XVI was executed by guillotine after being found guilty of treason. -
September 5, 1793 – July 28, 1794
A period of extreme violence during the revolution where thousands, including King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette, were executed by guillotine. -
From 1793 to 1794. A period of extreme violence during the revolution where thousands, including King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette, were executed by -
Revolutionary leader Robespierre was arrested and executed, ending the Reign of Terror. -
Between 12 and 21 October 1795
A government run by five leaders that was weak and corrupt, leading to Napoleon’s rise to power. -
Napoleon overthrew the government and became the leader of France, marking the end of the revolution. -
9 November 1799 to 18 May 1804.
Napoleon ruled France as First Consul, making important reforms before declaring himself Emperor. -
Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of France and expanded his empire across Europe before being defeated. -
One of Napoleon’s greatest victories, where he defeated Russian and Austrian forces in a brilliant military strategy. -
Napoleon was forced to give up his throne and sent to the island of Elba, but he later escaped. -
Restored the Bourbon monarchy in France. -
Starts in 1 November 1814 to 9 June 1815. European leaders met to restore order after Napoleon’s fall. It redrew Europe’s map and reestablished monarchies. -
Napoleon’s final battle, where he was defeated by British and Prussian armies. -
After losing at Waterloo, Napoleon was sent to the island of St. Helena, where he spent the rest of his life. -
Napoleon died in exile on St. Helena, likely from illness, though some suspect poisoning. -
Tried to restore absolute rule. Was overthrown in the July Revolution -
Greece gained independence from the Ottoman Empire. -
Came to power after Charles X’s fall. Ruled until the 1848 revolution -
Belgians declared independence from the Netherlands. A new monarchy was established in 1831 -
A customs union led by Prussia was formed. It helped unite the German economy -
Started in France and spread across Europe. People demanded rights, constitutions, and nations -
Monarchy was abolished after revolution. A republic with universal male suffrage was created -
Louis-Napoleon declared himself Emperor Napoleon III. He ended the republic and ruled autocratically -
From 28 June 1854 to 14 July 1856. A liberal revolution led to progressive reforms in Spain. Ended when moderates and the crown suppressed the movement. -
France and Sardinia defeated Austria in northern Italy. This helped the movement for Italian unification -
Austria lost again to Franco-Sardinian forces. Inspired the creation of the Red Cross -
From 11 May to 7 September 1860.
Garibaldi took Sicily and Naples. He gave them to King Victor Emmanuel II -
He was crowned king of a unified Italy. Italy became a single nation-state -
Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark. They took control of Schleswig and Holstein -
Prussia defeated Austria in seven weeks. Germany was unified under Prussian leadership -
Prussia defeated France and captured Napoleon III. The French Empire collapsed -
He was crowned emperor of Germany in Versailles. The German Empire was officially founded