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BATTLE OF WATERLOO
Final defeat of Napoleon by British and Prussian forces. -
LOUIS XVIII,KING OF FRANCE
Restored Bourbon king after Napoleon’s fall.
First reign: April 6, 1814 – March 20, 1815
Second reign: July 8, 1815 – September 16, 1824 -
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
Reorganized Europe post-Napoleon, restored monarchies.It ended in June 9,1815 -
SPANISH LIBERAL BIENNIUM
Short liberal period in Spain; ended by French intervention.Ended in april,7 1823 -
CHARLES X,KING OF FRANCE
Overthrown for his attempts to reestablish absolutism.Ended in August 2,1830 -
GREEK WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
Greece fought and gained independence from the Ottoman Empire.Ended in may,7 1832 -
BELGIAN IDEPENDENCE
Belgium separated from the Netherlands.July 21,1831 -
LOUIS PHILIPE,KING OF FRANCE
Citizen king of the July Monarchy; overthrown in 1848.It ended in february 24,1848. -
ZOLLVEREIN ESTABLISHED
German customs union led by Prussia; key to unification. -
REVOLUTIONS OF 1848(SPRING OF NATIONS)
Liberal and nationalist revolts across Europe.It endedn in december of 1849. -
FRENCH SECOND REPUBLIC
Republic established after fall of Louis Philippe.Ended in december 2,1852 -
FRENCH SECOND EMPIRE(NAPOLEON III)
Authoritarian regime of Napoleon III; ended after defeat by Prussia.Ended in semptember 4,1870 -
BATTLE OF MAGENTA
Victories of France and Sardinia against Austria in Italian unification.Ended in june 24,1859 -
VICTOR EMMANUEL II,KING OF ITALY
First king of unified Italy.Ended january 9,1878 -
GARIBALDI CONQUERS THE TWO SICILIES
Garibaldi's campaign helped unify southern Italy.
Ended in october,1 1860 -
AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR
Prussia excluded Austria from German affairs. Ended August 23, 1866 (Treaty of Prague) -
DANISH-PRUSSIAN WAR
Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark, taking Schleswig and Holstein.Ended in October 30, 1864 (Treaty of Vienna) -
WILHELM I,EMPEROR OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE
First German emperor after unification under Prussian leadership.Ended march,9 1888 -
FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR
Prussian victory led to German unification and the fall of Napoleon III.Ended may 10,1971