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Brown vs. Board of Education
The U.S. Supreme Court ruling in which it was determined that the 14th Amendment to the Constitution nullified the ruling of separate but equal segregation in schools. This brought forth mass integration of formerly segregated schools. Established a precedent in law for the equal treatment of disabled students within public education. Cases leading to Brown v. Board of Education -
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The Foundation of Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
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Elementary and Secondary Education Act
The ESEA act signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson assigned additional funding to poor income family schools. It was initiated by Lyndon Johnson as part of his "War on Poverty".
This provided funding to equalize federal funding to support disadvantaged poor students at the primary and secondary education levels. It was meant to help close the mathematics, reading and writing gaps present in low income urban and rural communities.
ESEA evolution -
P.A.R.C. vs Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children vs the state of Pennsylvania won a filling to let retarded children receive a free public education. The law restricted students who had were at least eight years but had not achieved the mental equivalent age of five were not given a public education. The ruling declared that these restrictions were unlawful and unclear under the court's review.
Review of PARC v Pennsylvania History -
Mill vs Board of Education
The Columbia school system argued that it was unable to support excessively disabled children due to lack of funding, unlike the PARC ruling school board that argued it was unable to teach children deemed unable to learn. The court ruled that schools must make funds available to support such students regardless and not exclude them from the public school systems.
Significance of Mill v. Board of Educ. -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act
Signed into law by US President Gerald Ford, it required all states that accept federal funding to "provide equal access to education for children with disabilities". This worked to give disabled children and provide them with at least one free meal a day. This act was issued as an amendment to the Education for the Handicapped enacted into law in 1966. Wikipedia Education for All Handicapped Children Act -
Revision of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act
In the New Year of 1990 large changes were initiated for the Handicapped Children Act. Autism and brain injuries were added to the list of supported disabilities. This gave parents of children with these disabilities more educational support and access to Individualized Education Plans. This also made post-secondary life goals part of these students IEP plans to help them when they left high schools.
IDEA Act Core Principles -
Individualized with Disabilities Education Act
President Bill Clinton signed into law the changes that formalized the Handicapped Children Act into the IDEA act. This also made significant alterations to the existing amendments of the act.
These changes were meant to reinforce an equal education for disabled students to a similar circular of studies whenever possible. And to formalize the means of developmental support for those with IEP plans. -
IDEA Act Amended
The last large scale edit of the IDEA act under which improvements were made. These included more accountability on student progress and focus on post-secondary life skills. And that schools shift special education funding if those funds were found to be inapporopriatly focused on minority groups who did not need services.