Timeline de música

Gregorian chant

Period: 600 to 1000

Gregorian chant is the central tradition of Western plainchant, a form of monophonic, unaccompanied sacred song in Latin of the Roman Catholic Church.

Guido d’Arezzo

992

Guido d’Arezzo was an Italian music theorist and pedagogue of High medieval music. A Benedictine monk, he is regarded as the inventor—or by some, developer—of the modern staff notation that had a massive influence on the development of Western musical notation and practice.

Hildegard von Bingen

1098

Hildegard von Bingen , also known as Saint Hildegard and the Sibyl of the Rhine, was a German Benedictine abbess and polymath active as a writer, composer, philosopher, mystic, visionary, and as a medical writer and practitioner during the High Middle Ages.[1][2] She is one of the best-known composers of sacred monophony, as well as the most recorded in modern history.

Bernart de Ventadorn

1135

Bernart de Ventadorn was a French poet-composer troubadour of the classical age of troubadour poetry.Generally regarded as the most important troubadour in both poetry and music,his 18 extant melodies of 45 known poems in total is the most to survive from any 12th-century troubadour.

Leonin

1150

Leonin was the first known significant composer of polyphonic organum. He was probably French, probably lived and worked in Paris at the Notre Dame Cathedral and was the earliest member of the Notre Dame school of polyphony and the ars antiqua style who is known by name.

Ars antiqua

Period: 1170 to 1310

Is a term used by modern scholars to refer to the Medieval music of Europe during the High Middle Ages.

Perotin

1200

Pérotin (fl. c. 1200) was a composer associated with the Notre Dame school of polyphony in Paris and the broader ars antiqua musical style of high medieval music. He is credited with developing the polyphonic practices of his predecessor Léonin, with the introduction of three and four-part harmonies.

Alfonso X el Sabio

Nov 23, 1221

Alfonso X el Sabio was King of Castilla, León and Galicia from 30 May 1252 until his death in 1284. Alfonso was a prolific sponsor of Galician poetry, such as the Cantigas de Santa Maria, which are equally notable for their musical content as for their literary merit.
He was born in 1221 and he died in 1284.

Guillaume de Machaut

1300

Guillaume de Machaut was a French composer and poet who was the central figure of the ars nova style in late medieval music.
He was born in 1300 and he died in 1377

Ars nova

Period: 1310 to 1377

Ars nova (Latin for new art) refers to a musical style which flourished in the Kingdom of France and its surroundings during the Late Middle Ages. More particularly, it refers to the period between the preparation of the Roman de Fauvel (1310s) and the death of composer Guillaume de Machaut in 1377. The term is sometimes used more generally to refer to all European polyphonic music of the fourteenth century

Francesco Landini.

1325

Francesco Landini was an Italian composer, poet, organist, singer and instrument maker who was a central figure of the Trecento style in late Medieval music. One of the most revered composers of the second half of the 14th century, he was by far the most famous composer in Italy.

Johannes Gutenberg

1393

Johannes Gutenberg was a German inventor and craftsman who introduced letterpress printing to Europe with his movable-type printing press. Though movable type was already in use in East Asia, Gutenberg invented the printing press, which later spread across the world. His work led to an information revolution and the unprecedented mass-spread of literature throughout Europe.
He was born between 1393 and 1406, he died in February 1468.

Juan del Encina.

1468

Juan del Encina was a composer, poet, priest, and playwright,  often credited as the joint-father (even "founder" or "patriarch") of Spanish drama, alongside Gil Vicente. His birth name was Juan de Fermoselle. He spelled his name Enzina, but this is not a significant difference; it is two spellings of the same sound, in a time when "correct spelling" as we know it barely existed.
He was born in 1468 and he died in 1529.

Martin Luther

1483

Martin Luther was a German priest, theologian, author, hymn writer, professor, and Augustinian friar. He was the seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation, and his theological beliefs form the basis of Lutheranism.
He was born in 1483 and he died the 18 of February of 1546.

Cristóbal de Morales

1500

Cristóbal de Morales was a Spanish composer of the Renaissance. He is generally considered to be the most influential Spanish composer before Tomás Luis de Victoria.
he was born in 1500 and he died in 1553

Antonio de Cabezón

Mar 30, 1510

Antonio de Cabezón was a Spanish Renaissance composer and organist. Blind from childhood, he quickly rose to prominence as a performer and was eventually employed by the royal family. He was among the most important composers of his time and the first major Iberian keyboard composer.
He was born the 30 of March of 1510 and he died the 26 of March of 1566

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina

1525

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina was an Italian composer of late Renaissance music. The central representative of the Roman School, with Orlande de Lassus and Tomás Luis de Victoria, Palestrina is considered the leading composer of late 16th-century Europe.
He was born in 1525 and he died the 2 of February of 1594.

Orlando di Lasso

1532

Orlando di Lasso was a composer of the late Renaissance. The chief representative of the mature polyphonic style in the Franco-Flemish school, Lassus stands with William Byrd, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, and Tomás Luis de Victoria as the leading composers of the later Renaissance. Immensely prolific, his music varies considerably in style and genres, which gave him unprecedented popularity throughout Europe.
He was born in 1532 and he died the 14 of June of 1594.

Andrea Gabrieli

1532

Andrea Gabrieli was an Italian composer and organist of the late Renaissance. The uncle of the somewhat more famous Giovanni Gabrieli, he was the first internationally renowned member of the Venetian School of composers, and was extremely influential in spreading the Venetian style in Italy as well as in Germany.
He was born in 1532 and he died the 30 of August of 1585

Maddalena Casulana

1544

Maddalena Casulana was an Italian composer, lutenist and singer of the late Renaissance. She is the first female composer to have had a whole book of her music printed and published in the history of western music.
She was born in 1544 and she died in 1590.

Tomás Luis de Victoria

1548

Tomás Luis de Victoria was the most famous Spanish composer of the Renaissance. He stands with Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina and Orlando di Lasso as among the principal composers of the late Renaissance, and was "admired above all for the intensity of some of his motets and of his Offices for the Dead and for Holy Week".
He was born in 1548 and he died in 1611

Giovanni Gabrieli

1554

Giovanni Gabrieli was an Italian composer and organist. He was one of the most influential musicians of his time, and represents the culmination of the style of the Venetian School, at the time of the shift from Renaissance to Baroque idioms.
He was born in 1554 and he died the 12 of August of 1612

Carlo Gesualdo

1566

Carlo Gesualdo da Venosa was Prince of Venosa and Count of Conza. As a composer he is known for writing madrigals and pieces of sacred music that use a chromatic language not heard again until the late 19th century. He is also known for killing his first wife and her aristocratic lover upon finding them in flagrante delicto.
He was born the 30 of March of 1566 and he died the 8 of September of 1613.

Claudio Monteverdi

1567

Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi was an Italian composer, choirmaster and string player. A composer of both secular and sacred music, and a pioneer in the development of opera, he is considered a crucial transitional figure between the Renaissance and Baroque periods of music history.
He was born in 1567 and he died in 1643.

Giacomo Carissimi

1605

Giacomo Carissimi was an Italian composer and music teacher. He is one of the most celebrated masters of the early Baroque. Carissimi established the characteristic features of the Latin oratorio and was a prolific composer of masses, motets, and cantatas. He was highly influential in musical developments in northern European countries through his pupils, like Kerll in Germany and Charpentier in France, and the wide dissemination of his music.
He was born in 1605 and he diedn in 1674.

Barbara Strozzi

1618

Barbara Strozzi was an Italian composer and singer of the Baroque Period. During her lifetime, Strozzi published eight volumes of her own music, and had more secular music in print than any other composer of the era.This was achieved without any support from the Church and with no consistent patronage from the nobility.
She was born in 1619 and she died in 1677.

Henry Purcel

1659

Henry Purcell was an English composer of Baroque music.
Purcell's musical style was uniquely English, although it incorporated Italian and French elements. Generally considered among the greatest English opera composers, Purcell is often linked with John Dunstaple and William Byrd as England's most important early music composers.
He was born in 1659 and he died in 1695.

Antonio Vivaldi

Mar 4, 1678

Antonio Lucio Vivaldi was an Italian composer, virtuoso violinist and impresario of Baroque music. Along with Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel, Vivaldi ranks amongst the greatest Baroque composers and his influence during his lifetime was widespread across Europe, giving origin to many imitators and admirers. He pioneered many developments in orchestration, violin technique and programmatic music.
He was born the 4 of March of 1678 and he died the 28 of July of 1741.

Georg Philipp Telemann

1681

Georg Philipp Telemann was a German Baroque composer and multi-instrumentalist. He is one of the most prolific composers in history, at least in terms of surviving oeuvre.
He was born in 1681 and he died in 1767.

Georg Friedrich Händel

1684

George Friderich Handel was a German-British Baroque composer well known for his operas, oratorios, anthems, concerti grossi, and organ concertos.
He was born in 1685 and he died in 1759.

Johann Sebastian Bach

1685

Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer and musician of the late Baroque period. He is known for his orchestral music, his instrumental compositions, his keyboard works, his organ works and his vocal music.
He was born the 31 of March of 1685 and he died the 28 of July of 1750.

Christoph Willibald Gluck

1714

Christoph Willibald Gluck was a composer of Italian and French opera in the early classical period. He brought the practical reform of opera's dramaturgical practices for which many intellectuals had been campaigning. With a series of radical new works in the 1760s, among them Orfeo ed Euridice and Alceste, he broke the stranglehold that opera seria had enjoyed for much of the century.
He died in 1787.

Franz Joseph Haydn

1732

Franz Joseph Haydn was an Austrian composer of the Classical period. He was instrumental in the development of chamber music such as the string quartet and piano trio. His contributions to musical form have led him to be called "Father of the Symphony" and "Father of the String Quartet".
He died in 1809.

Nannerl Mozart

1751

Maria Anna Mozart, known as Nannerl, was the older sister of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. She was a talented musician and composer in her own right, but her career was limited by societal expectations of the time, which did not allow women to pursue professional music careers. Nannerl was a skilled keyboard player and composer, and she performed alongside her brother during their childhood tours of Europe. Nannerl's music is not as well-known as her brother's.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

1756

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period. Despite his short life, his rapid pace of composition resulted in more than 800 works of virtually every Western classical genre of his time. Many of these compositions are acknowledged as pinnacles of the symphonic, concertante, chamber, operatic, and choral repertoire. Mozart is widely regarded as among the greatest composers in the history of Western music.
He died in 1791.

Maria Theresia von Paradis

1759

Maria Theresia von Paradis was an Austrian pianist, composer, and singer who was born on May 15, 1759, and died on February 1, 1824. She was a talented musician who overcame blindness from a young age to become a celebrated performer and composer in Vienna. Von Paradis was known for her natural musical abilities and her compositions, which included piano concertos, sonatas, and songs. Her works were admired by her contemporaries, including Mozart and Salieri.

Ludwig van Beethoven

1770

Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer and pianist. He is one of the most revered figures in the history of Western music; his works rank among the most performed of the classical music repertoire and span the transition from the Classical period to the Romantic era in classical music.
He died in 1827

Gioachino Antonio Rossini

1792

Gioachino Antonio Rossini was an Italian composer born on February 29, 1792, in Pesaro, in the Papal States (now Italy). Rossini was a prolific composer known for his operas, which include such famous works as "The Barber of Seville" and "William Tell." He was one of the most popular opera composers of his time, known for his melodic richness, rhythmic vitality, and comedic flair. Rossini's works continue to be performed and celebrated in opera houses around the world.

Franz Schubert

1797

Franz Schubert was an Austrian composer who lived during the late Classical and early Romantic periods. He is best known for his lieder (German art songs) and symphonies, including the famous "Unfinished Symphony." Schubert's music is characterized by its lyrical melodies, emotional depth, and romantic expressiveness. Despite his relatively short life, Schubert left behind a vast body of work that continues to be celebrated and performed today.

Hector Berlioz

1803

Hector Berlioz was a French composer and conductor of the Romantic era. He is known for his innovative orchestration techniques and his expressive and dramatic music. Berlioz's compositions often featured colorful instrumentation and unconventional structures, pushing the boundaries of traditional classical music. Some of his most famous works include the "Symphonie fantastique," "Harold in Italy," and the opera "Les Troyens."

Felix Mendelssohn

1809

Felix Mendelssohn was known for his distinctive style that blended classical forms with Romantic elements, creating expressive and unique compositions. He is renowned for his symphonies, concertos, chamber music, and choral works, such as the famous Overture to "A Midsummer Night's Dream" and his "Italian" and "Scottish" symphonies. Mendelssohn's influence extended beyond his compositions, as he also played a key role in reviving interest in Johann Sebastian Bach's music through his conducting.

Frédéric Chopin,

1810

Frédéric Chopin, a talented composer and virtuoso pianist born in 1810 Poland, was a prominent figure in the Romantic era known for his piano compositions characterized by lyrical melodies, expressive depth, intricate harmony and technique. His famous works like nocturnes, preludes, and ballades reflect his unique musical style and emotional depth. Chopin's influential presence in Parisian musical and social circles showcased his intimate and emotionally captivating performances.

Robert Schumann

1810

Robert Schumann was a German composer and music critic during the Romantic era. He is known for his expressive and emotionally charged music, particularly his piano compositions and lieder. Schumann's works often explore themes of love, nature, and fantasy, and he was a key figure in the development of the Romantic style in music. His legacy continues to influence musicians and audiences today.

Franz Liszt

1811

Franz Liszt, was known for innovative and expressive compositions that pushed the boundaries of traditional music. Celebrated for his virtuosic piano works like the Hungarian Rhapsodies and Transcendental Études, Liszt also gained recognition for his transcriptions of other composers' works. His influence on symphonic poems and modern piano repertoire cemented his status as a significant figure in 19th-century music.

Giuseppe Verdi

1813

Giuseppe Verdi was an Italian composer born in 1813 in the Duchy of Parma. Verdi was one of the most influential composers of Italian opera in the 19th century and is known for his iconic works such as "La Traviata," "Rigoletto," "Il Trovatore," and "Aida." Verdi's operas are renowned for their dramatic intensity, powerful melodies, and deep emotional impact. He is considered a central figure in the development of the operatic form and his works continue to be staples of the operatic repertoire.

Richard Wagner

1813

Richard Wagner, a German composer born in 1813, is renowned for his influential operas, such as "Tristan und Isolde" and "The Ring Cycle." Wagner's works are characterized by their use of leitmotifs and innovative harmonic language. He is considered one of the most significant composers in Western music history, with his ideas on music theory a. Wagner's music is still widely performed and his operas are staged worldwide. He passed away in Venice in 1883.

Clara Schumann

1819

Clara Schumann, born Clara Wieck. She was known for her exceptional skills as a pianist. Clara Schumann defied societal expectations for women of her time by pursuing a successful career in music. She had close relationships with other prominent composers like Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms, and Franz Liszt. Clara Schumann's music is admired for its emotional depth and technical excellence, and her legacy as a pioneering female musician endures.

Bedřich Smetana

1824

Bedřich Smetana was a Czech composer known for his nationalist style and contributions to Czech classical music. Smetana's compositions often drew on Czech folk music and themes, incorporating elements of Czech culture and history into his work. His most famous work is the cycle of symphonic poems titled "Má vlast" (My Homeland), which includes the well-known piece "Vltava" (The Moldau). Smetana's music is characterized by its lyricism, use of folk melodies, and expressive storytelling.

Johannes Brahms

1833

Johannes Brahms was born on May 7, 1833 in Hamburg, Germany. He showed exceptional talent as a young musician and began studying music from a young age. His early works caught the attention of the famous composer Robert Schumann, who praised Brahms as a promising talent. Brahms went on to become one of the most important and influential composers of the Romantic period.

Modest Mussorgsky

1839

Modest Mussorgsky, a Russian composer and member of "The Five" group, is known for his innovative and nationalistic approach to music, using Russian folk melodies in his compositions. His most famous works include the opera "Boris Godunov" and the piano suite "Pictures at an Exhibition." Mussorgsky's music is bold and expressive, reflecting the dramatic and emotional depth of Russian culture. His contributions to Russian classical music have had a lasting impact and are still celebrated today.

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

1840

Tchaikovsky was a Russian composer of the Romantic era known for his melodic and emotionally expressive music. He composed a wide range of works, including symphonies, ballets, operas, chamber music, and concertos. Some of his most famous compositions include ballets such as "Swan Lake," "The Nutcracker," and "Sleeping Beauty," as well as symphonies like the "Symphony No. 6 (Pathétique)." Tchaikovsky's music is characterized by its rich harmonies, lush orchestrations, and poignant melodies.

Antonín Dvořák

1841

Antonín Dvořák was a Czech composer considered one of the greatest composers of the 19th century and a leading figure in Czech classical music. Dvořák's music is characterized by its lyrical melodies, rich harmonies, and incorporation of Czech folk elements. Some of his most famous works include the "New World Symphony," "Slavonic Dances," and the opera "Rusalka." Dvořák's compositions often reflect his Czech heritage and cultural influences.

Edvard Grieg

1843

Edvard Grieg was a Norwegian composer known for his Romantic-era music, particularly his compositions for piano and orchestra. Grieg is considered one of the leading figures of Scandinavian music and his works often drew inspiration from Norwegian folk music and landscapes. Some of his most famous compositions include the Piano Concerto in A minor, the Holberg Suite, and the Peer Gynt suites, which feature the famous piece "In the Hall of the Mountain King."

Rimski Korsakov

1844

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov was a Russian composer, conductor, and teacher. He is known for his colorful orchestration inspired by Russian folklore and exotic themes. Rimsky-Korsakov composed symphonies, operas, and tone poems, with famous works including "Scheherazade," "The Golden Cockerel," and "Capriccio Espagnol." His music is characterized by rich orchestration and the use of folk themes, establishing him as a prominent figure in Russian classical music.

Giacomo Puccini

1858

Puccini is known for his operas, which include some of the most beloved works in the operatic repertoire, such as "La Bohème," "Tosca," "Madama Butterfly," and "Turandot." Puccini's operas are characterized by their lush orchestration, melodic beauty, and emotional depth. He was a leading figure in the verismo style of opera, which emphasized realistic portrayals of everyday life and emotions. Puccini's works are widely performed and loved by opera audiences around the world.

Gustav Mahler

1860

Gustav Mahler was born on July 7, 1860 in the Austrian Empire . He was a highly influential late Romantic composer and conductor, known for his symphonies and lieder. Mahler's music is characterized by its emotional depth, complexity, and innovative use of orchestration. Mahler's works are considered masterpieces of the late Romantic era and continue to be performed and studied extensively today.

Hugo Wolf

1860

Hugo Wolf was an Austrian composer of the late Romantic era. Renowned for his compositions of lieder (German art songs),his music is known for its rich harmonies and expressive nuances.
Though his career was brief, his lieder are considered masterpieces.

Claude Debussy

1862

Claude Debussy, was a French composer known for his innovative and influential contributions to Impressionist music. Debussy's compositions, such as "Clair de Lune," "La Mer," and "Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun," are characterized by their lush harmonies, use of whole-tone scales, and evocative, atmospheric qualities. He is credited with expanding the possibilities of tonality and challenging conventional approaches to composition.

Jean Sibelius

1865

Jean Sibelius is a Finnish composer recognized for his symphonies, tone poems, and violin concerto, drawing inspiration from Finnish folklore and nature. His works, like "Finlandia," Symphony No. 2, and Violin Concerto in D minor, are known for lush orchestrations and innovative harmonies. Considered a national hero in Finland, Sibelius's music played a crucial role in shaping Finnish national identity and pride.

Arnold Schönberg

1874

Arnold Schönberg was an Austrian composer famous for developing the twelve-tone technique, which transformed musical composition by moving away from traditional tonality. Schönberg's works are characterized by atonal and serialist qualities, influencing the development of modernist and avant-garde music. Some of his notable compositions include "Verklärte Nacht," "Pierrot Lunaire," and the opera "Moses und Aron."

Maurice Ravel

1875

Maurice Ravel was a French composer and pianist known for his intricate and expressive compositions that blended elements of Impressionism, neo-classicism, and other styles. Ravel's works, such as "Boléro," "Rhapsodie Espagnole," and "Daphnis et Chloé," are characterized by their lush harmonies, refined textures, and meticulous craftsmanship. He was known for his attention to detail and his ability to evoke vivid imagery and emotions through his music.

Manuel de Falla

1876

Manuel de Falla was a Spanish composernconsidered one of the most important figures in Spanish music of the early 20th century. Known for combining traditional Spanish music with modernist techniques, Falla's compositions often reflect the rich heritage of Andalusian folk music. Some of his most famous works include the ballet "The Three-Cornered Hat," the opera "La Vida Breve," and the nocturne "Nights in the Gardens of Spain."

Béla Bartók

1881

Béla Bartók, a Hungarian composer, pianist, and ethnomusicologist. His music,influenced by Hungarian and Eastern European folk melodies, features a unique blend of traditional and modern elements. Bartók's notable works include string quartets, orchestral pieces like the Concerto for Orchestra,the Music for Strings,Percussion and Celesta, and the opera Duke Bluebeard's Castle. Characterized by rhythmic complexity, modal scales,and vibrant energy, Bartók's compositions have had a profound impact.

Zoltán Kodály

1882

Zoltán Kodály was a Hungarian composer, ethnomusicologist, and educator.He is known for his pioneering work in the field of music education and for his contributions to Hungarian music. Kodály's compositions are influenced by Hungarian folk music, and he is particularly famous for his choral works.He also collaborated with Béla Bartók on research into Hungarian folk music, and his teaching methods, known as the Kodály Method, have had a lasting impact on music education worldwide.

Joaquín Turina

1882

Joaquín Turina, a renowned Spanish composer, made significant contributions to Spanish music, focusing on chamber music and solo piano works. His compositions reflect influences from traditional Spanish folk melodies, rhythms, and dance forms, as well as elements of French impressionism and Neo-Classicism. Turina's most famous works include the piano quintet "Circulo," the piano trio "Círculo," the orchestral piece "Danzas Fantásticas," and various guitar compositions.

Igor Stravinsky

1882

Igor Stravinsky was a Russian-born composer. He is known for his innovative and diverse body of work, spanning different styles and periods. Stravinsky's compositions often combined elements of Russian folk music, neoclassicism, and serialism. Some of his most famous works include "The Rite of Spring," "The Firebird," and "Petrushka." Stravinsky's music is characterized by its rhythmic complexity, colorful orchestration, and unique harmonic language.

Heitor Villa-Lobos

1887

Heitor Villa-Lobos was a prominent Brazilian composer known for blending traditional Brazilian music with Western classical forms to create a unique and vibrant musical style. His diverse range of works include symphonies,operas, and chamber music, with famous pieces like the "Bachianas Brasileiras" and "Chôros".Heitor's music reflects the rich harmonies and complex rhythms of Brazil,and he played a key role in promoting Brazilian music internationally and shaping the country's musical identity.

George Gershwin

1898

George Gershwin, American composer, was known for blending jazz and blues elements into his compositions, creating a unique sound that combined popular and classical music. His famous works include "Rhapsody in Blue," "Porgy and Bess," and popular songs like "Summertime" and "I Got Rhythm." Gershwin's music was characterized by rich melodies, complex rhythms, and innovative harmonies. He is celebrated as one of the most influential American composers.

Olivier Messiaen

1908

Olivier Messiaen was a French composer,organist, and ornithologist.Messiaen was a devout Catholic,and his music often reflected his spiritual beliefs.He was also influenced by his fascination with bird songs,incorporating their melodies and rhythms into his compositions.Messiaen's music is known for its use of modes of limited transposition, complex rhythms, and rich harmonies.Some of his most famous works include the "Quartet for the End of Time,""Turangalîla Symphony," and "Oiseaux Exotiques."

Pierre Schaeffer

1910

Pierre Schaeffer, a French composer and musicologist, was a key figure in the development of musique concrète, an experimental music form using recorded sounds. He pioneered techniques for manipulating sound through tape recorders and electronic devices and co-founded the Groupe de Recherche de Musique Concrète, a group that contributed significantly to electronic music.

John Cage

1912

John Cage, a prominent American composer and artist in the avant-garde music movements of the 20th century, was known for his innovative ideas on sound, silence, and music. His famous piece "4'33"" features a performer sitting in silence for 4 minutes and 33 seconds, emphasizing ambient sounds. Cage also introduced chance operations in composition and incorporated non-musical elements in his works.

Pierre Henry

1927

Pierre Henry was a French composer and pioneer of musique concrète. He was known for his innovative use of recorded sounds and electronic music techniques to create abstract and experimental compositions. Henry often collaborated with Pierre Schaeffer and was a key figure in the development of electronic music in France. His work explored the boundaries of sound and music, pushing the limits of traditional composition and performance.

Philip Glass

1937

Philip Glass is an American composer known for his minimalist style of music, characterized by repetitive structures and rhythmic patterns. He has composed numerous operas, symphonies, and film scores, and is considered one of the most influential composers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Glass's work often explores themes of spirituality, society, and the human experience, and he has been credited with popularizing minimalist music on a global scale.