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British India expansion
Had indirect authority, protectorates, local rulers protected by European powers, Lapse if no direct heir British would seize control of territory. -
British Empire in India
Plassey in 1757. Treaty of Allahabad in 1765 where Mughal empire gave British control over Bengal. -
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European Imperialism in Asia
European interactions with China. Opium war 1839-1842. British defeat China, force them to sign ‘unequal treaty’ and seize control of Hong Kong. U.S.A. and France also soon force China to sign unequal treaties. -
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Sepoy Rebellion
Wounded British Goodwill and confidence. British responded by taking more direct control of India. Leads to the creation of the British Raj. Govern of general rules as viceroy of the British Monarch. -
Japan
1860’s Japan’s modernization, industrialization, and Imperialism. Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895. Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 -
Imperial Exapansion in Africa
Rapid expansion of European control in Africa. Because of Raw materials, national prestige, protection of other imperial interests, and Suez Canal in 1869. -
Revolts against Ottoman authority
Revolts against Ottoman authority in Balkin area, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria gain independence, become new regions. Bosnia remains part of Ottoman Empire but administered by Austria Hungary. -
Berlin Conference
European leaders lay ground rules for the development or acquisition of African territories. Had to occupy territory in order to claim it. -
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Decolonization
colonial independence movements stirred up by western ideals of self-determination and political freedom. British India was the largest colony in the world. 1885 Indian National Congress. 1946 British government announces that India will be granted full independence. British partition India in 1947 creating Pakistan and India. East Pakistan becomes Bangladesh in 1971. 1947 UN calls for the partition of Palestine into two states. Jewish and Arab. May 14, 1948 declaration of State of Israel. -
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Adolph Hitler
Artist in Vienna 1907-1914. German soldier 1914-1920. Joins German Worker’s party in 1919. Became leader in 1920 and changed name to National Socialists German Worker’s Party. Nazis attempt to seize power. March out a Beer hall in Munich (1923) and try to seize control of city/state government and fails. Hitler arrested and sent to prison. In prison for nine months and writes Mein Kampf. Becomes Chancellor in January 1933.Reichstag fire in 1933. Establishes a dictatorship. Nuremburg Laws 1935 -
Signing alliance
France and Russia sign defensive alliance deterring any German aggression. 1890’s Germany tries to build alliance with Austria Hungary and Italy -
Britian signs
1904 and 1907 Britain signs a series of agreements with France and Russia for friendly alliance. 1908- Austria Hungary formally annexes Bosnia. The majority of the population of Bosnia was ethnically Serb. The kingdom of Serbia was hoping to create a Serb nation-state. Serbia was allied with Russia. Pan-Slavism connects Serbia to Russia. -
Schlieffen Plan
Count Alfred von Schlieffen. Quickly invade and defeat France before Britain can support them, then move all troops east to fight Russia. Fearing war on two fronts, the Germans adopted the Schlieffen plan to sweep through neutral Belgium and on to France, encircling Paris. The aim was to knock France out of the war quickly before Russia could mobilize its forces. Germany invades France through Belgium on August 4. By the end of August, the Germans ad almost taken Paris. -
Russian Empire
the Russian Empire covered almost 1/6 of the world’s landmass. Dominated by Russians but comprised of many nationalists especially in central Asia and the Caucasus. Empire is ruled by Tsar Nicholas II. Political/economic unrest erupts into revolution in 1905. Revolution achieves some successes, but Tsar Nicholas remains in power. Creation of a representative body called the Duma. Freedom of press. -
Assassination
Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand. Killed by Gavrilo Princip a member of the Black Hand. Bosnian Serb Nationalist/terrorist organization. -
Austrian Ultimatum
Requires Serbia to denounce activities of Bosnian Serbs, refrain from publishing nationalist propaganda, allow Austrian officials to prosecute members of the Serbian government. July 28, 1914- Austria declares war on Serbia. July 30 Russia mobilizes its army in support of Serbia. Germany declares war on Russia on August 1. Germany preemptively declares war on France on August 3 attacking France through neutral Belgium. Britain declares war on Germany in support of Belgium on August 4. -
Verdun
December 1916. Bloodiest battle of the war. Illustrates the savagery of the war. Strategy involved little more than attrition. An attempt to bleed the opponent dry. The Somme June-November 1916. A British offensive against the Germans. Illustrates the futility of offensive actions on the Western Front -
Revolutions in Russia
March-Czar abdicates. November- Communists take over. Communist leadership signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. Ends Russia’s involvement in the war. April- USA enters the war. Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare. Zimmerman Telegram. Germany proposed a Mexican invasion of the US. In return, Mexico would gain Texas, New Mexico, Arizona. -
Russian Revolutions
From 1914-1917 Russia becomes increasingly unstable. Bread riots, demands for political reforms, strikes. February unrest erupts into revolution. Tsar Nicholas II abdicates in March 1917. Held in captivity from August 1917-July 1918. October, the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin seize power of the central government. Redistribute land, nationalize banks. Withdraw form WWI. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. -
Peace
Austria Hungary collapsed in September. Spurred by the British, French, and Americans. Many national groups within the Austro-Hungarian Empire declare their independence. November- crowds in Berlin declare a German republic. Force Kaiser Wilhelm to abdicate and flee. On 11/11/1918 the new German government agrees to an armistice effectively ending combat on the Western Front. -
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Civil War
. Conservative generals raise armies to fight the Bolsheviks. Anti-Bolsheviks are called the “whites”. Bolsheviks are referred to as the “reds.” Execution of the Tsar in 1918. Britain and America support the whites. Creates antagonism between Bolsheviks and the Western allies. -
Treaty of Versailles
France regains Alsace-Lorraine territories lost in Franco Prussian war. Barred Germany from placing fortifications in the Rhineland. Allied occupation of the Rhineland for 15 years. Forbade military conscription in Germany. German army was limited to 100,000 volunteers. Placed blame for the war on Germany. Forces Germany to pay reparations. -
Rise of Facsism in Europe
Benito Mussolini 1883-1945. Creator of Italian Fascism. Organizes the Fascist Party in 1919. Creates a fascist militia- the Black Shirts. Parades in the streets. Gains the support of businessman and the middle class. Elected to parliament in 1921. March on Rome in 1922. Mussolini becomes prime minister -
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USSR New Economic Policy
A mixed economy. State would allow some capitalistic activities, especially in agriculture. Lenin died in 1924, succeeded by Joseph Stalin. Begins remaking the Russian economy. Five Years plan construction of railroads, tanks, steel, milk, power plants. Etc. 1928-1933. -
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The Road to War
1935 March. Hitler declares that Germany is no longer bound by the Treaty of Versailles. October-Italy invades Ethiopia. March 1936-German military occupation of the Rhineland. July 1936-39 Spanish Civil War. March 1938- The annexation of Austria. September 1938- Hitler’s annexation of Sudetenland. March 1939-German invasion of Czechoslovakia. August 1939- Germany and Soviet Union sign a non-aggression pact. 9/1/1939- Germany invades Poland. 9/3/1939- Britain and France declare war on Germany. -
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The Great Terror
Stalin suppresses opposition. Purges political opponents. 1,000,000 killed. Purges military. 35,000-41,000 officers killed. Stalin’s USSR becomes a totalitarian state. Everything is subservient to the will of Stalin who represents state. Disagreement with Stalin = undermining the state=treason. In order to maintain his authority Stalin used terror. -
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World War II
Poland surrenders on September 27, 1939. Hitler attacks France in May 1940. France surrenders on June 22, 1940. Battle of Britain July-October 1940. German invasion of Russia June 1941. Russian victories at battle of Stalingrad 1942. Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941. June 6, 1944 D-Day. Hitler commits suicide on April 30, 1945. Germany surrenders on May 7, 1945. US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima August 6 and Nagasaki on August 9. Japan surrenders on August 9. -
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The Cold War
Worldwide conflict between the US and USSR which lasted over 40 years. Stemmed from incompatible ideologies and ambitions. Europe divided: East and West. The partitioning of Europe 1946. Containment 1947. US sought to contain the spread of communism. Marshall Plan 1947-52. The Berlin Airlift. Blockade June 1948-May 1949. Creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Soviets develop atomic weapons in 1949. Berlin Wall August 1961 falls August 1989. Collapse of the Soviet Union 1991. -
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Korean War
Communist North Korea invaded pro-western South Korea. UN sent troops in support of South Korea. China supports North Korea. Armistice signed in 1953. Vietnam War 1964-1973 Conflicts between Communist North Vietnam and US backed South Vietnam explodes into war. -
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Post cold war and 9/11 Europe
Post-Cold war Europe “Three things defined the post-Cold War world. First, U.S. power. Second, the rise of China as the center of global industrial growth based on low wages. Thirdly was the re-emergence of Europe as a massive, integrated economic power.
Post 9/11 Europe “Ten years after the fall of New York's twin towers and four months after the death of Osama Bin Laden, Europe is said to be 'safer'” (Pop, 2011).