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Feb 6, 1345
Johannes Kepler
''''http://www.phy.pmf.unizg.hr/~dpaar/fizicari/xkepler.html'''''
At the age of 24, Kepler published Mysterium cosmographicum (Cosmographic Mystery, 1596), in which he defended the Copernican theory and described his ideas on the structure of the planetary system. Influenced by the Pythagoreans, Kepler viewed the universe as being governed by geometric relationships that conform to the inscribed and circumscribed circles of the five regular polygons. -
Feb 9, 1543
Andreas Vesalius
1543 Published Book, “ On The Fabric Of The Human Body” after dissecting human bodies. Thought blood flowed through veins and arteries. -
Aug 17, 1543
Nicholas Copernicus
Pg 513
A native of Poland, Published famous book, "On the revolutions of the Heavenly Speres." Copernicus was a mathematician who thought that the sun was the center of the universe and that the planets revolved around the sun. -
Galileo
Pg.514Italian scientist, who taught mathematics. First to make observations of the heavens using “telescope”. Galileo made many discoveries such as: mountains on the moon and sunspots. Published book due to discoveries “The Starry Mesenger” in 1610 to help Europeans view the universe differently. Churched disagrred with Galileo and made him abandon Copernican Idea. -
Descartes
Pg. 516A French Philosopher. Written in 1637, “Discourse on Method”. Descartes principle was the separation of the mind and matter. Called the father of rationalism. The system of thought is based on the belief reason is a chief source of knowledge. -
Newton
Pg. 514Born 1642, Attended Cambridge University, Became professor of mathematics at university and wrote major work, “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” (Known as Principia). Defined three laws of motion. Had crucial argument to universal law of gravitation. -
The First Newspaper
Pg. 524 The first newspaper was printed in London in 1702. Newspapers were cheap and provided free in many coffeehouses. -
Montesquieu
Pg. 520Charles-Louis de Secondat was baron of Montesquieu. He had famous work published in 1748, “The Spirit of The Laws.” He tried to used scientific method to find governed social and political relatioships of human beigns. Montesquieu identified three kinds of government, “republics, despotism, monarchies.” He believed England had three monarchies, “executive, judicial, and legislative. His analysis of system of checks and balances through seperation of powers was his last political thought. -
Diderot
Pg 521(Denis Diderot Became freelance writer instead of being lawyer. Famous contribution to the Enlightenment was published 1751-1772 “The Encyclopedia” (28 volume, dictionary of sciences, arts, and trade). Encyclopedia was to change the way of thinking. The encyclopedia became a religious weapon. -
Rousseau
Pg 521“Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind,” “The Social Contract, published in 1762 the social contract was presented. Emile was an important work he did to prevent from fostering education. Rousseau thought emotion ad reason was important to human development. Viewed woman differently from men. -
Voltaire
pg 520Known as Francois-Marie Arouet, a Parisian who wrote novels, plays, letters, essays. Known for criticism of Christianity and strong belief on religious toleration. In 1763, he penned “Treatise on Toleration”. Deism: based on region and natural law. -
Beccaria
Pg. 522Cesare Beccaria, did essay “On crimes and Punishments,” which was written in 1764. He didn’t believe in punishments that were brutally exercised and didn’t stop others from committing crimes. -
Adam Smith
Pg. 521Physiocrafts and Scottish philosopher known as founder of modern social science of economics. (A French group who identified natural economic laws that governed human society). In 1776 Published, “The Wealth of Nations” for best statement of laissez-faire. He gave state three important roles. (Army, police, and public works). -
World Economy
1776 “the wealth of nations,” which meant people could do what they want. Meaning the state leaves economy. -
John Locke
Pg. 518-519Wrote “Essay Concerning Human Understanding”. John Locke thought every person was born with tabula rasa/blank mind. Locke thought people were molded by experiences from the senses of the surrounding world. -
Inventions
Pg. 524Salons: drawing rooms for upper class wealthy great urban houses.
