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mark the end of the Indochina war
had divided the country at the seventeenth parallel
planned an general election for reunification slated to take peace 2 years hence
Laos is declared neutral -
"After a rigged referendum, he proclaimed the creation of the Republic of Vietnam, with himself as president. His government was supported by other anti-communist countries, most notably the United States." -
assassinating hundreds of Diem's village officials
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the number for just this year
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Southern communists acting at the direction of Hanoi organized the NLF
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Khrushchev endorsed "wars of national liberation" vs Kennedy called for a "peaceful revolution" in the Third World
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Multibillion dollar Alliance for Progress = to spur economic development in Latin America
Peace Corps = sent thousands of American teachers, agricultural specialists and health workers to assist authorities in the developing world
Improve the image/reputation of the U.S
Counter anti-communism
Counter revolutionaries -
The U.S. stepped up aid $
Increasing the airdropping of raiding teams into the North Vietnam +launched crop destruction herbicides to starve the Vietcong (=NLF in the South) and explose their hiding
Strengthened the U.S military presence in the South -
The U.S. > implicated and supported this action (CIA) > because Lumumba had financial and material support from USSR,= he represented a communist threat
Now Joseph Kasa-Vubu's position as president secure, the U.S. has power over the USSR since the government is pro-Western -
Kennedy opted back a Soviet-sponsored initiative to convene a new Geneva Conference on Laos.
Deal was signed
An Amanrican diplomatic solution > the oppposition may find it too soft -
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The Kennedy administration changed its position and supported this action.
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U.S. Vice President Lyndon Baines Johnson succeeds to the office
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The possibility coomed that Saigon regime might collapse without a major increase in U.S. involvement.
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He fears it will turn into the Korean War > with an intervention of the China
He feels that U.S. won't be able to beat them -
The U.S. secretly planned an expansion of the war into North Vietnam ans sent more U.S. miltary advisers to the South
USSR + China > increasing their aid to North Vietnam (but never came close to matching U.S. totals for Saigon) and Hanoi stepped up the flow of material + men -
The U.S. destroyers reported coming under attack from North Vietnamese patrol boats
The U.S President Johnson ordered retaliatory air strikes against North Vietnamesepatrol boat + an oil depot
Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution which gave of the presidnet the authority to "take all necessary measures to reply any armed attack against the forces of the U.S. and to prevnt further aggression" -
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Was Kennedy's vice president
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They criticized > said that the president didn't know what he was getting into
but this thesis is untenable (old documents)
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U.S. could be a force for good in Vietnam > could help the Vietnameses to achieve a better life
reputation/ credibility
against communism -
an expanded war was both inadvisable and avoidable
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because > feb.1965 > Vietcong attacked American installations in South
strategic failure
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A group of military leaders tried to restore Bosch to power but were thwarted by the ruling junta
Johnson sent nearly 23.000 soldiers to the country > end to the rebellion > but CIA said that no communists were involved > So FBI under the order of the president has to find communists in the country (false guilty) -
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A significant increase in troops and disclosed that others would follow
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He ordered a huge study of all the documents on Vietnam going back to the 1940's
He is alert to the increase in the number of civilians killed and maimed by U.S. bombing and doubts that victory will be achieved in the long term. -
1.052 intercontinental ballistic missiles VS USSR = 900
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Johnson > begged Israel for more time > to secure a peaceful settlement
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Victory by seizing the Sinai Peninsula + the Gaza strip from Egypt / the West Bank + East Jerusalem from Jordan/ the Golan Heights from Syria
Gained 28.000 square miles
Ancestral home of hundreds of thousands Palestinians -
"was an attack on a United States Navy technical research ship (spy ship),by Israeli Air Force jet fighter aircraft and Israeli Navy motor torpedo boats
The combined air and sea attack killed 34 crew members +wounded 171 crew members, and severely damaged the ship." -
"Israel apologized for the attack, saying that the USS Liberty had been attacked in error after being mistaken for an Egyptian ship. Both the Israeli and U.S. governments conducted inquiries and issued reports that concluded the attack was a mistake due to Israeli confusion about the ship's identity"
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Johnson met the Soviet Prime Minister Alexei Minister Alexei Kosygin
The U.S. president wanted Moscow to pressure Ho chi Minh to make peace -
"was a period of political liberalization and mass protest in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic"
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Vietcong + North Vietnamese forces struck all across South Vietnam capturing provincial capitals and attacked some places like the American embassy
The heavy fighting called into question American military leaders confident prediction in earlier mnths that the war would soon won -
"we must begin take steps to disengage"
an increase of weapons, material and men will not change the outcome = failure -
talked > peace in Vietnam > halt the bombing except for a small area
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Date of signature but it will take until 1970 for it to be applied.
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Won against incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey