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Ptolemy stated that Earth was the center of the universe, meaning that everything moved around the earth.
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Copernicus began studying the theory that the sun was the center of the earth, going against Ptolemy's theory.
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Copernicus' published his theory but little amount of people payed attention because many felt that they could clearly tell the earth doesn't move and everything else moves around it.
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Vesalius published a book on the way the human body was constructed and how it worked.
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Kepler proved Copernicus theory correct and he then published the lows of planetary motion.
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He published Novum Organum which stated that he relied on truths that were shown physically rather than thinking.
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Galilei began using the device Telescope and observed the planets in space. He published his findings of how not everything revolves around Earth.
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Descartes felt that no assumptions should be accepted with out questions, he mentioned this in Discourse on Method.
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Descartes a french philosopher died in 1650
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Boyle proved that the space gas occupies is affected by temperature and pressure.
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Newton published a book that went off of the work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo, explaining why planets revolve around the sun.
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Lavoisier proved that fire was not an element, which is what people believed before.
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Priestley, an English chemist founded the oxygen element.