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476
The Fall of Rome - start of the Medieval Era
Slow changes in life, culture, and dissemination of knowledge
Middle Ages Views of Music: Divine and Cosmic -
Period: 476 to 1450
Medieval Period
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525
Anno Domini calendar invented
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Period: 715 to 731
Pope Gregory (Gregorian Chant)
The Roman Dialect of Chant
The chants were reorganized and cataloged by Pope Gregory
Kyrie (genre and title), Anonymous, c. 10th Cent.
Set neumatically and melismatically
Would have been responsorial -
Period: 850 to 1150
Romanesque era
Polyphony and notation began to emerge in the 800s
Organum is the first known form of polyphony -
900
Organum first described
Extant in the 800s CE, notated c. 1000 CE
Plainchant “melody” with an added melody
What resulted was a musically sung piece of parallel 4ths and 5ths; 3rds were dissonant and should not be used -
Period: 991 to 1033
Guido d’Arezzo
credited with “inventing” the staff
Suggested using a red line for F and a yellow line for C
Diastematic notation -
Period: 1098 to 1179
Hildegard von Bingen
Founder and abbess of the convent at Rupertsberg, Germany.
Famous for her prophetic powers and revelations
Wrote liturgical dramas and religious poetry.
Hildegard of Bingen is the first female composer in contemporary musicology to receive extensive scholarly research
She began to compose liturgical poetry and music in the 1140s. She also wrote down her visions.
Her style was more elaborate than the older Gregorian style. -
Period: 1150 to 1450
Gothic period
Notation developed first for pitches, then rhythms -
Period: 1150 to 1201
Leonin
cantor at the Cathedral of Notre Dame
First composer of polyphonic music whose name we know -
Period: 1150 to 1200
Perotin
cantor at the Cathedral of Notre Dame
may have studied with Leonin
Genre: Organum Triplum (3-part organum)
Look at the modern transcription -
Period: 1155 to 1207
Raimbaut de Vaqueiras
from southern France, served at the court in Montferrat (northwestern Italy)
Killed in battle serving his patron (1207)
Wrote at least 35 poems; 7 survive with music -
1200
composers began writing new texts and music
Result: the genre of “motet”
More text than chant
Rhythmic: 6 rhythmic modes, then very complex between 1320-1400
Instrumental inclusion
Texts in French, Latin, or both -
1200
13th Century
The 13th century (1200s) was a time of anxiety, corruption, and illness
The church was suffering
There were two rivaling Popes -
Period: 1291 to 1361
Philippe de Vitry
First composer of the Ars Nova
French Priest -
Period: 1300 to 1350
The Ars Nova
Composers and theorists began to speak about this “new art”
New rhythmic polyphony in the motets
These complex rhythms did not last; resurfaced in the 20th century and are in African music Notre Dame organum = Ars antiqua -
Period: 1300 to 1377
Guillaume de Machaut
Most famous composer and poet of the time
French priest
More than 20 extant motets
Several extant chansons
One of the first polyphonic mass cycles -
Period: 1325 to 1397
Francesco Landini
Music theorist, composer, poet, and organist: famous because he was blind
By far the most famous Italian composer of the 14th century -
1340
Bubonic Plague
killed over 75 million people in the 1340s -
1350
Machaut’s Puis qu’en oubli
chanson rondeau
Modal tonality, no set system of cadences
Machaut added dissonances on the cadences -
Period: 1386 to 1466
Donatello
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Period: 1390 to 1453
John Dunstable
English, but influenced musical style in Europe
Composers who heard his music were impressed by the “English quality” (la contenance angloise)
More 3rds and 6ths were used in the harmonies: this resulted in what we think of triadic music
Copies of his works have been found in Italian and German manuscripts -
Period: 1397 to 1474
Guillaume Dufay
First Renaissance compos -
Period: 1420 to 1497
Johannes Ockeghem
Very respected and prolific
a low bass -
Period: 1430 to
Renaissance = rebirth
New complex currents of thought concerning: Arts, Science, and Religion
Changes in art originated in Italy, but musical style came out of England -
Period: 1435 to 1511
Johannes Tinctoris
Composer and music theorist: wrote about contemporary music -
Period: 1444 to 1451
Sandro Botticelli
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Period: 1450 to 1521
Josquin des Prez
Most revered Renaissance composer, esp. by Martin Luther -
Period: 1450 to 1517
Heinrich Isaac
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Period: 1450 to 1521
Josquin des Prez
From Northern France
Worked at Notre Dame in 1504 as the provost
His music was so emotion-filled and popular that others would try to pass off their music as his -
Period: 1450 to 1521
Josquin des Prez
Known for his chansons -
Period: 1452 to 1519
Leonardo da Vinci
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Period: 1466 to 1536
Erasmus
Dutch scholar-philosopher -
1475
Johannes Tinctoris wrote the first dictionary of musical terms: Diffinitorum musices
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Period: 1475 to 1564
Michelangelo Buonarroti
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Period: 1483 to 1520
Raphael
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Period: 1483 to 1546
Martin Luther
German religious reformer -
Period: 1483 to 1546
Augustinian monk Martin Luther
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Period: 1488 to 1576
Titian [Tiziano Vecellio]
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Period: 1490 to 1562
Adrian Willaert
Father of text expression -
Period: 1505 to
Thomas Tallis
English composer who wrote a 40-voice part motet -
Period: 1505 to
Thomas Tallis
English composer -
Period: 1505 to 1568
Jacques Arcadelt
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Period: 1507 to 1568
Jacques Arcadelt
One of the earliest Italian madrigal composers
Worked in Italian and French courts
Composed over 250 madrigals, 125 French chansons, and sacred music -
1510
Pange lingua Mass
Josquin -
1510
Pange lingua Mass
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Period: 1516 to 1565
Cipriano de Rore
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1517
Augustinian monk Martin Luther
Augustinian monk Martin Luther began the Protestant movement known as the Reformation -
Period: 1521 to
Philipp de Monte
Most prolific composer of the Renaissance -
Period: 1521 to
Philipp de Monte
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Period: 1525 to
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
The most famous composer
The church wanted everything homorhythmic from the Renaissance
Palestrina continued using polyphony, showing that he could make any texture understood
Wrote over 104 masses -
Period: 1525 to
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
Awarded the most posthumous fame -
Period: 1525 to
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
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Period: 1528 to
Paolo Veronese
“The Allegory of Wisdom and Strength” 1580 Almost in a Baroque style -
1530
Italian Madrigal Originated in FLorence
Used aristocratic poetry
Flourished in Italian courts
Spread to England
Instruments participated but were rarely notated
First madrigals were homorhythmic and 4 solo voices (similar to a frottola)
5 solo voices became the norm around 1550: by 1600 no restrictions
Became the experimental genre for the Baroque style -
Period: 1530 to
Madrigals
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Period: 1532 to
Orlando di Lasso
Ranks in importance with Josquin and Palestrina -
Period: 1532 to
Orlando di Lasso
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Period: 1542 to
William Byrd
3 extant masses and lots of Protestant music
Composed important keyboard music -
Period: 1543 to
William Byrd
Important Catholic English composer working in Protestant England -
Period: 1545 to 1563
The Council of Trent
set new guidelines for music and musicians -
Period: 1548 to
Tomás Luis de Victoria
Carries on Palestrina’s style while working in Spain -
Period: 1557 to
Giovanni Gabrieli
The leading composer of instrumental ensemble music and polychoral works in the late Renaissance
Studied with Orlando di Lasso in Munich
Composed over 100 motets (many polychoral) and other instrumental works
Canzonas and sonatas were new genres -
Period: 1557 to
Thomas Morley
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Period: 1557 to
Thomas Morley
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1562
Pope Marcellus Mass
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Period: 1564 to
Shakespeare
He lived into the early Baroque – many Renaissance-style songs were composed for and used in his plays -
Period: 1564 to
Galileo
Famous scientist -
1567
Pope Marcellus Mass
Supposedly written to satisfy the Council of Trent
Polyphonic and homorhythmic
6 a cappella voices -
Period: 1567 to
Claudio Monteverdi
Moved music from the Renaissance style to the Baroque
He wrote 9 books of madrigals
During the Baroque era, he composed several operas -
Period: 1570 to
John Farmer
English composer and organist who lived in London and Dublin
Known for clever word painting -
Period: 1570 to
John Farmer
English composer active in Dublin and London
4 solo voices
Word painting on “all alone,” “up and down,” etc. -
Period: 1575 to
Thomas Weelkes
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Period: to
John Farmer
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Canzona septimi toni
2 choirs of instruments – each in 4 parts:8 musical lines interacting with each other in polyphony, sometimes creating homorhythm