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Slow changes in life, culture, and dissemination of knowledge
Middle Ages Views of Music: Divine and Cosmic -
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The Roman Dialect of Chant
The chants were reorganized and cataloged by Pope Gregory
Kyrie (genre and title), Anonymous, c. 10th Cent.
Set neumatically and melismatically
Would have been responsorial -
Polyphony and notation began to emerge in the 800s
Organum is the first known form of polyphony -
Extant in the 800s CE, notated c. 1000 CE
Plainchant “melody” with an added melody
What resulted was a musically sung piece of parallel 4ths and 5ths; 3rds were dissonant and should not be used -
credited with “inventing” the staff
Suggested using a red line for F and a yellow line for C
Diastematic notation -
Founder and abbess of the convent at Rupertsberg, Germany.
Famous for her prophetic powers and revelations
Wrote liturgical dramas and religious poetry.
Hildegard of Bingen is the first female composer in contemporary musicology to receive extensive scholarly research
She began to compose liturgical poetry and music in the 1140s. She also wrote down her visions.
Her style was more elaborate than the older Gregorian style. -
Notation developed first for pitches, then rhythms
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cantor at the Cathedral of Notre Dame
First composer of polyphonic music whose name we know -
cantor at the Cathedral of Notre Dame
may have studied with Leonin
Genre: Organum Triplum (3-part organum)
Look at the modern transcription -
from southern France, served at the court in Montferrat (northwestern Italy)
Killed in battle serving his patron (1207)
Wrote at least 35 poems; 7 survive with music -
Result: the genre of “motet”
More text than chant
Rhythmic: 6 rhythmic modes, then very complex between 1320-1400
Instrumental inclusion
Texts in French, Latin, or both -
The 13th century (1200s) was a time of anxiety, corruption, and illness
The church was suffering
There were two rivaling Popes -
First composer of the Ars Nova
French Priest -
Composers and theorists began to speak about this “new art”
New rhythmic polyphony in the motets
These complex rhythms did not last; resurfaced in the 20th century and are in African music Notre Dame organum = Ars antiqua -
Most famous composer and poet of the time
French priest
More than 20 extant motets
Several extant chansons
One of the first polyphonic mass cycles -
Music theorist, composer, poet, and organist: famous because he was blind
By far the most famous Italian composer of the 14th century -
killed over 75 million people in the 1340s
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chanson rondeau
Modal tonality, no set system of cadences
Machaut added dissonances on the cadences -
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English, but influenced musical style in Europe
Composers who heard his music were impressed by the “English quality” (la contenance angloise)
More 3rds and 6ths were used in the harmonies: this resulted in what we think of triadic music
Copies of his works have been found in Italian and German manuscripts -
First Renaissance compos
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Very respected and prolific
a low bass -
New complex currents of thought concerning: Arts, Science, and Religion
Changes in art originated in Italy, but musical style came out of England -
Composer and music theorist: wrote about contemporary music
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Most revered Renaissance composer, esp. by Martin Luther
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From Northern France
Worked at Notre Dame in 1504 as the provost
His music was so emotion-filled and popular that others would try to pass off their music as his -
Known for his chansons
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Dutch scholar-philosopher
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German religious reformer
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Father of text expression
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English composer who wrote a 40-voice part motet
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English composer
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One of the earliest Italian madrigal composers
Worked in Italian and French courts
Composed over 250 madrigals, 125 French chansons, and sacred music -
Josquin
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Augustinian monk Martin Luther began the Protestant movement known as the Reformation
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Most prolific composer of the Renaissance
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The most famous composer
The church wanted everything homorhythmic from the Renaissance
Palestrina continued using polyphony, showing that he could make any texture understood
Wrote over 104 masses -
Awarded the most posthumous fame
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“The Allegory of Wisdom and Strength” 1580 Almost in a Baroque style
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Used aristocratic poetry
Flourished in Italian courts
Spread to England
Instruments participated but were rarely notated
First madrigals were homorhythmic and 4 solo voices (similar to a frottola)
5 solo voices became the norm around 1550: by 1600 no restrictions
Became the experimental genre for the Baroque style -
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Ranks in importance with Josquin and Palestrina
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3 extant masses and lots of Protestant music
Composed important keyboard music -
Important Catholic English composer working in Protestant England
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set new guidelines for music and musicians
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Carries on Palestrina’s style while working in Spain
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The leading composer of instrumental ensemble music and polychoral works in the late Renaissance
Studied with Orlando di Lasso in Munich
Composed over 100 motets (many polychoral) and other instrumental works
Canzonas and sonatas were new genres -
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He lived into the early Baroque – many Renaissance-style songs were composed for and used in his plays
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Famous scientist
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Supposedly written to satisfy the Council of Trent
Polyphonic and homorhythmic
6 a cappella voices -
Moved music from the Renaissance style to the Baroque
He wrote 9 books of madrigals
During the Baroque era, he composed several operas -
English composer and organist who lived in London and Dublin
Known for clever word painting -
English composer active in Dublin and London
4 solo voices
Word painting on “all alone,” “up and down,” etc. -
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2 choirs of instruments – each in 4 parts:8 musical lines interacting with each other in polyphony, sometimes creating homorhythm