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(EEUU) ROARING TWENTIES
The Roaring Twenties refers to the decade of the 1920s in Western society and Western culture. It was a period of economic prosperity with a distinctive cultural edge in the United States and Western Europe, particularly in major cities such as Berlin, Chicago, London, Los Angeles, New York City. Not everything roared: in the wake of the hyper-emotional patriotism of World War I, President Warren G. Harding "brought back normalcy" to the politics of the United States. -
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(ITALY) MONARCHY OF VICTOR EMMANUEL III
Victor Emmanuel III (11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947) was the King of Italy from 29 July 1900 until his abdication on 9 May 1946. In addition, he held the thrones of Ethiopia and Albania as Emperor of Ethiopia (1936–1941) and King of the Albanians (1939–1943). During his reign of nearly 46 years, the Kingdom of Italy became involved in two world wars. His reign also encompassed the birth, rise, and fall of Italian Fascism and its regime. -
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(GERMANY) WEIMAR REPUBLIC
The Weimar Republic is an unofficial historical designation for the German state from 1918 to 1933. The name derives from the city of Weimar, where its constitutional assembly first took place. The official name of the republic remained Deutsches Reich unchanged from 1871, because of the German tradition of substates. The Reich was changed from a constitutional monarchy into a republic. In English, the country was usually known simply as Germany. -
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(USSR) LENIN
Lenin (22 de abril de 1870, 21 de enero de 1924), fue un político, filósofo, revolucionario, teórico político y comunista ruso. Líder del sector bolchevique del Partido Obrero Socialdemócrata de Rusia, se convirtió en el principal dirigente de la Revolución de Octubre de 1917. En 1917 fue nombrado presidente del Consejo de Comisarios del Pueblo (Sovnarkom), convirtiéndose en el primer y máximo dirigente de la Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas (URSS) en 1922. -
(GERMANY) NSDAP FUNDATION
In Munich, on February 24, 1920, Hitler publicly announced the Program of the 25 points of the NSDAP (National German Socialist Workers Party), when the Nazis still remained under the name of DAP (German Workers' Party). Adolf Hitler anunció el programa del partido el 24 de febrero de 1920, ante un estimado de 2000 espectadores en el Festival de Múnich del Hofbräuhaus. -
(ITALY) NATIONAL FASCIST PARTY
The National Fascist Party was an Italian political party, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of fascism (previously represented by groups known as Fasci). The party ruled Italy from 1922 when Fascists took power with the March on Rome to 1943, when Mussolini was deposed by the Grand Council of Fascism. Preceding the PNF, Mussolini's first established political party was known as the Revolutionary Fascist Party . -
(ITALY) THE MARCH ON ROME
The March on Rome was an organized mass demonstration in October 1922, which resulted in Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party ascending to power in the Kingdom of Italy. In late October 1922, Fascist Party leaders planned an insurrection, to take place on 28 October. When fascist troops entered Rome, Prime Minister Luigi Facta wished to declare a state of siege, but this was overruled by King Victor Emmanuel III. -
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(ITALY) BENITO MUSSOLINI, DUCE OF ITALY
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy from his golpe in 1922 to 1943, and Duce of Fascism from 1919 to his execution in 1945 during the Italian civil war. As dictator of Italy and founder of fascism, Mussolini inspired several totalitarian rulers such as Adolf Hitler. -
(GERMANY) FRENCH OCCUPATION OF THE RUHR
The Occupation of the Ruhr was a period of military occupation of the German Ruhr valley by France and Belgium between 11 January 1923 and 25 August 1925. The occupation was a response to the German Weimar Republic widely and regularly defaulting on reparation payments in the early 1920s. The total reparation sum of £6.6 billion had been dictated by the victorious powers in the Treaty of Versailles, and the reparation payments were due to last several decades. -
(USSR) DEATH OF LENIN
On 21 January 1924, at 18:50, Vladimir Lenin, leader of the October Revolution and the first leader and founder of the Soviet Union, died in Gorki aged 53 after falling into a coma. The official cause of death was recorded as an incurable disease of the blood vessels. -
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(USSR) COMPETITION FOR POWER BEETWEEN TROSKI AND STALIN
The death of Lenin in January 1924 brought fierce and violent competition for power among several candidates, of whom Trotsky and Stalin stood out. The first was the most intellectually trained Bolshevik leader and the best known after Lenin. It was considered almost a symbol of the revolution, as it organized the attack on the Winter Palace and commanded the Red Army during the Civil War. -
(EEUU) THE DAWES PLAN
The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was a plan in 1924 to resolve the World War I reparations that Germany had to pay, that had strained diplomacy following World War I and the Treaty of Versailles. -
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(USSR) DICTATORSHIP OF STALIN
After expelling Trotsky from the party in 1927, Stalin abruptly changed sides: the NEP was overcome and forced marching towards an industrialized communist society had to be advanced. Moving away from the Trotskyist theories of the need for "world revolution", Stalin proclaimed the possibility of building "socialism in one country". All the machinery of the state and all the Soviet people had to submit to that goal. -
(USSR) FORCED COLECTIVIZATION AND THE GULAG
The Gulag was the government agency in charge of the Soviet forced-labour camp-system that was set up under Vladimir Lenin and reached its peak during Joseph Stalin's rule from the 1930s to the early 1950s. English-language speakers also use the word gulag to refer to any forced-labor camp in the Soviet Union, including camps which existed in post-Stalin times. -
(EEUU) BLACK THURSDAY
The Black Thursday took place on October 24, 1929, the day on which the fall on the New York Stock Exchange began and with it the Crack of 29 and the Great Depression. The collapse of the New York Stock Exchange on Black Thursday produced a situation of real panic that caused the subsequent banking crisis in the United States. -
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(EEUU) GREAT DEPRESSION
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how intensely the world's economy can decline. -
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(EEUU) NEW DEAL
The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1936. It responded to needs for relief, reform, and recovery from the Great Depression. They provided support for farmers, the unemployed, youth and the elderly. The New Deal included new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and efforts to re-inflate the economy. -
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(GERMANY) NAZISM
National Socialism, is the ideology and practices associated with the Nazi Party—officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party—in Nazi Germany, and of other far-right groups with similar aims. Nazism is a form of fascism and showed that ideology's disdain for liberal democracy and the parliamentary system, but also incorporated fervent antisemitism, anti-communism, scientific racism, and eugenics into its creed. -
(GERMANY) THE REICHSTAG FIRE
The Reichstag fire was an arson attack on the Reichstag building, home of the German parliament in Berlin, on Monday 27 February 1933, precisely four weeks after Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor of Germany. Hitler's government stated that Marinus van der Lubbe, a Dutch council communist, was found near the building, and they attributed the fire to communist agitators in general—though a German court decided later that year that van der Lubbe had acted alone, as he claimed. -
(EEUU) PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A member of the Democratic party, he won a record four presidential elections and became a central figure in world events during the first half of the 20th century. Roosevelt directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression. -
(GERMANY) HITLER, FÜHRER AND CHANCELLOR OF THE III REICH
Adolf Hitler was appointed imperial chancellor in January 1933 and, a year later, on the death of President Paul von Hindenburg, he proclaimed himself leader and imperial chancellor (Führer und Reichskanzler), assuming the supreme command of the German state. It transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich and ruled with a single party based on totalitarianism and the autocracy of Nazi ideology. -
(ITALY) INVASION OF ETHIOPIA
The Second Italo-Ethiopian War, also referred to as the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, was a colonial war fought from 3 October 1935 until 19 February 1937, although Addis Ababa was captured on 5 May 1936. The war was fought between the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy and those of the Ethiopian Empire (also known as Abyssinia). Ethiopia was defeated, annexed and subjected to military occupation. -
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(URSS) THE GREAT PURGE
The Great Purge or the Great Terror was a campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union which occurred from 1936 to 1938. Between 1936 and 1938 three trials were held in Moscow where former Communist Party members were tried, who were accused of conspiring with Western nations to assassinate Stalin and other Soviet leaders, as well as to disintegrate the Soviet Union and restore capitalism in Russia.
