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Women's Rights Movement
Women's Rights Movement was an event that surrounded the starting of Title IX. -
Title IX was enacted in 1972.
Title IX prohibits federally funded educational institutions from discriminating against students or employees based on sex (History.com Staff, 2009).
It provides fair treatments of sexes in all areas including athletics. -
Richard Nixon and Congress signed Title IX into Law
Title IX prohibits sex discrimination in any educational program or activity receiving any type of federal financial aid (WSF, 2009). -
An amendment is rejected.
Senator Tower proposes the “Tower Amendment,” which would exempt revenue-producing sports from determinations of Title IX compliance (WSF, 2009). -
Bill dies in committee before reaching the House floor.
Rep. O'Hara introduces House Bill 8394, which proposes that sports revenues first be used to offset the cost of that sport, and only then to support other sports. The proposed change would effectively alter Title IX's coverage in athletics (WSF, 2009). -
Sen. Helms introduces S. 2146
Sen. Helms introduces S. 2146 in an attempt to prohibit the application of Title IX regulations to athletics in situations in which participation in those athletic activities are not a required part of the institution's curriculum (Sen. Helms re-introduced S. 2146 as S. 535 in 1977)
Title IX federal regulations are issued in the area of athletics. High schools and colleges are given three years, and elementary schools one year, to comply (WSF, 2009). -
NCAA
NCAA challenges the legality of Title IX.
The NCAA complained that boys' sports would suffer if girls' sports had to be funded equally (WFS, 2009). -
Senate Bill (S.2106)
Senators Tower, Bartlett, and Hruska introduce Senate Bill (S. 2106), proposing to exclude revenue-producing sports from Title IX coverage. The bill dies in committee before reaching the Senate floor (WSF, 2009). -
3-Pong-Test
HEW issues final policy interpretation on “Title IX and Intercollegiate Athletics.” Rather than relying exclusively on a presumption of compliance standard, the final policy focuses on each institution's obligation to provide equal opportunity and details the factors to be considered in assessing actual compliance (Participation requirements are currently referred to as the "3-Prong-Test") (WSF, 2009). -
Department of Education
Department of Education is established and given oversight of Title IX through the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) (WSF, 2009). -
Athletic Departments are not financially covered.
Grove City v. Bell limits the scope of Title IX, effectively taking away coverage of athletics except for athletic scholarships. The Supreme Court concludes that Title IX only applies to specific programs (i.e. Office of Student Financial Aid) that receive federal funds. Under this interpretation, athletic departments are not necessarily covered (WSF, 2009). -
Title VII
The Supreme Court held that Title VII prohibited workplace sexual harassment as a form of discrimination. Employers subject to title VII were required to adopt measures to prevent and respond to workplace sexual harassment—including rape—and mistreated employees could now report harassment to the federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) or sue in court (Brodsky & Deutsch, 2015). -
Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987
The Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 is enacted into law over the veto of President Ronald Reagan. This act reverses Grove City, restoring Title IX's institution-wide coverage. If any program or activity in an educational institution receives federal funds, all of the institution's programs and activities must comply with Title IX (WSF, 2009). -
Female Athletes Wins Lawsuit
Haffer v. Temple University Title IX athletics lawsuit won by plaintiff female athletes gives new direction to athletic departments regarding their budgets, scholarships, and participation rates of male and female athletes (WSF, 2002) -
Franklin V. Gwinnet
In Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools, the Supreme Court rules that monetary damages are available under Title IX. Previously, only injunctive relief was available (i.e., the institution would be enjoined from discriminating in the future)(WSF, 2009). -
Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act (EADA)
Sen. Mosley-Braun (S. 1468) and Rep. Collins (H.R. 921) sponsor the Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act (EADA), requiring that any co-educational institution of higher education that participates in any federal student financial aid program and that sponsors an intercollegiate athletics program must disclose certain information concerning its intercollegiate athletics program. Under the EADA, annual reports are required (WSF, 2009). -
Intitutions are required to make in depth reports
All institutions of higher education must make available, to all who inquire, specific information on their intercollegiate athletics department, as required by the Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act (WSF, 2009). -
Cohen v. Brown University
A federal appeals court upholds a lower court's ruling in Cohen v. Brown University, holding that Brown University illegally discriminated against female athletes. Brown argues that it did not violate Title IX because women are less interested in sports than men. Both the district court and the court of appeals rejects Brown's argument. Many of the arguments offered by Brown are similar to those relied upon by colleges and universities all over the country (Title Ix,2016). -
25th Anniversary of Title IX
Twenty-fifth anniversary of the passage of Title IX -
Brentwood V. Tennessee Secondary School
The Supreme Court issues a decision in Brentwood v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association, holding that a high school athletic association is a "state actor" and thus subject to the Constitution. This means, for example, that the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment applies to athletic associations in gender equity suits (WSF,2009). -
Department of Justice dismisses narrow procedures
The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) filed a motion to dismiss on narrow procedural grounds a complaint filed in federal court against the U.S. Department of Education attacking the three-prong test developed for schools to determine their compliance with Title IX in women's athletics programs (WSF, 2009). -
Department of Education issued a policy that weakens Title IX
The Department of Education issued a policy guidance (“the Additional Clarification”) that significantly weakens Title IX. Schools can now simply send out an e-mail survey to their female students, asking them what additional sports they might have the interest and ability in playing. And if the survey responses do not show enough interest or ability, they do not have to add any sports – and are presumed in compliance with Title IX (WSF, 2009). -
Sexual harrasment and violence is added to Title IX
The Department of Education issued a policy guidance which made clear that Title IX’s protections against sexual harassment and sexual violence apply to all students, including athletes. It addresses athletics departments in particular when it requires schools to use the same procedures that apply to all students to resolve sexual violence complaints involving student athletes (WSF, 2009). -
The White House calls for antybulling prevention LGBT
The U.S. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights (OCR) issued guidelines in 2010 clarifying schools’ obligations to address bullying that violates any of the federal anti-discrimination statutes including “gender based” harassment of LGBT students that violates Title IX of the Education Amendments 1972 (Kimmel, 2016). -
Title IX adds pregnacy protections.
Title IX protects students from discrimination based on their “actual or potential parental, family, or marital status” or based on a student’s “pregnancy, childbirth, false pregnancy, termination of pregnancy or recovery therefrom.” This fact sheet describes how far Title IX has come in ensuring these protections, and what still must be done to make sure that the protections are implemented and well-known (NWLC, 2012). -
40th Anniversary of Title IX
40th Anniversary of Title IX -
More Women are playing sports
There are more women playing collegiate sports, about 200,000 than ever before. The number of female athletes at NCAA schools has increased from less than 30,000 to over 193,000 since 1972, but women still have over 60,000 fewer participation opportunities than their male counterparts (Dusenberry & Lee, 2012). -
University of Baylor Sexual Asssault
Former players Tre’Von Armstead and Myke Chatman were named by Waco police in an incident report involving sexual assault, but they were never charged. Armstead was removed from the football program in September 2015, and the university expelled him in February. Chatman transferred to Sam Houston State University (Wacotrib.com. 2016). -
White House Task Force "Not Alone"
The White House Task Force to Protect Students Against Sexual Assault released a twenty page report titled “Not Alone” which included strongly worded statements from President Obama and Vice President Biden on the epidemic of sexual violence taking place on college campuses (Smith, 2016). -
Still no protection to women's sexual violence
While OCR has dramatically improved its efforts to reform structural Title IX compliance across universities, and despite Office of Civil Rights criticizing schools for affording insufficient protections to victims alleging violations, it has done relatively little to promote complainants’ immediate access to education (Peterson & Ortiz, 2016). -
Rice University Band Marches into a IX
Rice University's band march into an "IX" during a football game against Baylor. Students recognizing that Baylor has not addressed their sexual assaults properly (Khan, 2016). -
Colleges And Universities Use Tea Video
Some colleges and universities are using the "tea video" to teach students about consent.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGoWLWS4-kU -
Even Famous people are talking about concent
Lady Gaga made a powerful video about sexual abuse, she sang the song at the Oscars.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmWBrN7QV6Y -
Presidential Campaign
The presidential campaign will reflect on the future of Title IX.
The republican party has a nominee that does not speak well about women. The Democratic Party has a woman as a nominee who is more likely to protect women's rights inside and outside the school system
