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The NAACP was created by an interracial group of people that work continuously to abolish segregation and discrimination towards African American people in housing, education, employment, voting, and transportation as well as to oppose racism.
Reference: "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" (2023) Encyclopedia Britannica. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Association-for-the-Advancement-of-Colored-People -
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional and helped establish the precedent that “separate-but-equal” education and other services were not, in fact, equal at all.
Reference: History – Brown v. Board of Education Re-enactment, United States Courts.
Brown v. Board of Education, The Civil Rights Movement: Volume I (Salem Press). https://www.history.com -
The Arc opens a Governmental Affairs (Public Policy) Office in Washington, D.C and is represented on the first President’s Panel on Mental Retardation (PPMR).
Reference: The Arc. 2023. Available at: https://thearc.org/about-us/history/ -
No person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance, which includes any level or form of education.
Reference: Department of Labor. 2023. Available at: https://www.dol.gov/agencies/oasam/regulatory/statutes/title-vi-civil-rights-act-of-1964 -
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) was signed into law in 1965 by President Lyndon B. Johnson and offered new grants to districts serving low-income students, federal grants for textbooks and library books, funding for special education centers, and scholarships for low-income college students.
Reference: US Department of Education. 2023. Available at: https://www.ed.gov/essa -
This case helped establish principles such as "free appropriate public education," "zero-reject," and "least restrictive environment" that allow for access to education regardless of students disability.
Reference: Ross, N. "Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Citizens (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1971)". Embryo Project Encyclopedia. http://embryo.asu.edu/handle/10776/13335 -
This class action lawsuit held that students with disabilities are entitled to an education, and that education cannot be denied based on the accommodations’ additional cost to the school.
Reference: Ross, N. Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia (1972). The Embryo Project Encyclopedia. https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/mills-v-board-education-district-columbia-1972 -
The Rehabilitation Act prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in programs conducted by federal agencies, in programs receiving federal financial assistance, in federal employment and in the employment practices of federal contractors. Section 504 eliminates discrimination in vocational education programs.
Reference: EARN. 2023. Available at: https://www2.ed.gov/policy/rights/reg/ocr/edlite-34cfr104.html -
The purpose of the act was to ensure that all children with disabilities have available to them a free appropriate public education that emphasizes special education and related services designed to meet their unique needs and prepare them for further education, employment, and independent living.
Reference: IDEA. 2023. Available at: https://sites.ed.gov/idea/about-idea/#IDEA-Purpose -
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in several areas, including employment, transportation, public accommodations, communications and access to state and local government' programs and services.
Reference: U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division. 2023. Available at: https://www.ada.gov/ -
In August 1998, MDH applied for this Waiver to allow children with autism, determined to be eligible for institutional services in an Intermediate Care Facility for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities (ICF-IID), to receive AW services in their home and community. The bill wasn't approved until the year 2000.
Reference: MSDE. 2023. Available at: https://marylandpublicschools.org/programs/Pages/Special-Education/autismfactsheet.aspx -
The NCLB law was created to hold schools responsible for the academic progress of all students. It put a special focus on ensuring that states and schools boost the performance of English-language learners, students in special education, and poor and minority children, whose achievement, on average, trails their peers.
Reference: Klein, A. No Child Left Behind: An Overview. April 10, 2015. https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/no-child-left-behind-an-overview/2015/04 -
The reauthorization and alignment with No Child Left Behind called for: 1. Early intervening services for children not currently identified as needing special education but who need additional academic and 2. behavioral support to succeed in a general education environment. 3.Greater accountability and improved educational outcomes, and raised standards for instructors who teach special education classes.
Reference: IDEA. 2023. Available at: https://sites.ed.gov/idea/IDEA-History#2000s-10s