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Period: to
The History of Psychology
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Margaret Floy Washburn
As a lover of animals, Washburn conducted an experiment explaining how motor reaction and behavior is a product of both cognitive and learned components. She took the ideas of behaviorism, structuralism and functionalism to prove that behavior and cognition in animals are important to psychological studies. Without her experiment we wouldn't think to study what goes on inside an animal's head.If someone has a dog who's just moping around without eating or walking, you can figure why. -
Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov used a bell as his stimulus. Whenever he gave food to his dogs, he also rang a bell. After a number of repeats of this procedure, he tried the bell on its own. The dogs had learned an association between the bell and the food and a new behavior had been learnt. Since it's learned its a conditioned response. The dogs became conditioned.It paved the way for modern anxiety cures. Ex: The sight of food will make you hungry so soon every time you go into the kitchen, you will feel hungry too. -
John B. Watson
known for his controverisal Little Albert experiment where he took a 11 month old baby and presented him with a rat muliple times and associated the rat with a noise that scared little Albert. After a while little Albert learned to associate the noise with the rat and became frightened by anything close to it. It showed that fears could be taught over time and that actions or thoughts could be forced in or forced out. Ex: associating music with a product you learn to like. -
Edward Thorndike
He placed a cat in the puzzle box, which was encourage to escape to reach a scrap of fish placed outside. Thorndike would put a cat into the box and time how long it took to escape. The cats experimented with different ways to escape the puzzle box and reach the fish. Eventually they would stumble upon the lever which opened the cage. When it had escaped it was put in again, and once more the time it took to escape was noted. In successive trials the cats would learn that pressing the lever -
Abraham Maslow
Maslow was famous for his hierarchy of needs theory. It states that we must satisfy each need in turn starting with the first. When the lower needs are met, then you focus on the higher needs. It goes biological and physiological needs, safety, belongingness and love, esteem and finally self-actualisation. It established a process to become happy with oneself. Ex: Provide a safe working environment, retirement benefits and job security. -
Jean Piaget
He came up with the Theory of Cognitive Development. He showed that children think in different ways compared to adults. The goal was to explain the mechanisms and processes by which an infant, and then a child, develops cognitively.The stages of development were sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. It gave an outline to follow for developing babies. Ex: an infant can't think in abstract terms because they haven't reached that stage. -
Martha Rogers
She came up with the Science of Unitary Human Beings theory. It said that nursing is both a science and art and the purpose of nurses is to promote health and wellbeing for everyone. It provided a radical vision of nursing reality. Nurses can use this theory in the workplace or school. -
B.F Skinner
Skinner came up with operant conditioning. He believed the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences. He would put animals in a box and perform little test similar to what Thorndike did. It opened up another view on how animals behave and why. Ex: associating a bell with dinner time. -
Noam Chomsky
Chomsky's theory of language acquisition. He says that all children share the same internal constraints which characterize narrowly the grammar they are going to use. According to him the mechanism of language acquistion formulates from innate processes. it paved the way for other grammer theories in children. Ex: children who live in the same community without having the same experiences use the same grammar.