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In 100 A.D., The greeks created the first pens. They were first made out of wet clay and straw but were later changed into wax and styluses.
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In 2500 BC, the Ancient Egyptians and chinese civilizations both developed ink. 5,000 years ago, the Ancient Egyptians used reed straws and ink made of soot and red ochre mixed with vegetable gum and beeswax and created their own pens.
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The encaustic technique used in art dates back to nearly 3,000 years ago, to Egyptian and Greek times when heated waxes with pigment was used to decorate warships and walls of tombs.
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In the 19th century, the first colored pencils began to appear. These were used for "checking and marking."
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In the late 1800s, before Binny and Smith created the company Crayola, they made red oxide pigments that were used to make paint for what has become a timeless symbol of America.
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In 1903, the first box of crayons were sold for a nickel and it was made by Crayola. The creators, Edwin Binny and Harold Smith, made it a 8 color box and the colors were: black, blue, brown, green, orange, purple, red, and yellow. By 1957, 40 new colors had been introduced. Now though, there are over 120 crayon colors.
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The history of permanent markers dates back to 1910: Lee W. Newman patented the marking pen.
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Then in the early 20th century, the color pencils' cores were developed. It was made up of pigments and/or dyes and binders such as wood.
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The first permenant marker was developed by Sidney Rosenthal.
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The permanent marker ink is composed of three elements: A colorent, solvent, and resin. Colorent gives the marker a specific color, a solvent allows the marker to work. It dissolves and transports ink. Colorent and the ink resin flows through the sponge. The ink resin ensures that the colorent "sticks" to the paper once the solvent evaporates.
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A typical marker consists of a container (Glass, alunimum, or plastic), which is filled with felt or some sort of wadding. That filling serves as a carrier for the water-proof ink. All permenant markers are made of a hollow plastic tube that is air tight, save for an opening at one end. The tube encases a long stick of sponge - like marker that sticks out slightly at the end. The stick is saturated with ink.
