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it essentially established the constitutionality of racial segregation. -
helped set the pattern for direct action protests popularized by civil rights activists in later decades. -
Baseball led the way on integration, as Jackie Robinson became a key symbol of equality during the Civil Rights struggles of the 1960s. -
This executive order abolished discrimination "on the basis of race, color, religion or national origin" in the United States Armed Forces, and led to the re-integration of the services during the Korean War -
separate educational facilities are inherently unequal -
started the process ending segregation -
Till's death provided an important catalyst for the American civil rights movement. -
Rosa Parks invigorated the struggle for racial equality when she refused to give up her bus seat to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama. Her actions helped raise international awareness of racism in the United States. -
The Little Rock Nine were a group of nine Black students who enrolled at formerly all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in September 1957. Their attendance at the school was a test of Brown v. Board of Education, a landmark 1954 Supreme Court ruling that declared segregation in public schools -
Eisenhower
established the Civil Rights Section of the Justice Department and empowered federal prosecutors to obtain court injunctions against interference with the right to vote. -
The Greensboro Four’s efforts inspired a sit-in movement that eventually spread to 55 cities in 13 states. -
The Freedom Riders rode interstate buses across the South and drew national attention to their cause because of the violence that often erupted against them. You can visit the cities where the Freedom Riders stopped on their journey and discover the impact of the rides on the Civil Rights Movement and the country. -
Not long ago, citizens in some states had to pay a fee to vote in a national election. This fee was called a poll tax. -
On September 30, 1962, riots erupted on the campus of the University of Mississippi in Oxford where locals, students, and committed segregationists had gathered to protest the enrollment of James Meredith, a black Air Force veteran attempting to integrate the all-white school. -
On May 16, 1963, a federal district court in Alabama ordered the University of Alabama to admit African American students Vivien Malone and James Hood during its summer session. The court's decision virtually ensured a showdown between federal authorities and Alabama Governor George Wallace who had made a campaign promise a year earlier to prevent the school's integration even if it required that he stand in the schoolhouse door. -
A call for equality and freedom, it became one of the defining moments of the civil rights movement and one of the most iconic speeches in American history. -
This event defines a period in American history that will be studied by future generations as the time when seeds of a bitter harvest were sown. -
ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin -
He urged his fellow Black Americans to protect themselves against white aggression “by any means necessary,” -
On March 7, 1965, when then-25-year-old activist John Lewis led over 600 marchers across the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama and faced brutal attacks by oncoming state troopers, footage of the violence collectively shocked the nation and galvanized the fight against racial injustice. -
aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. -
The assassinations triggered active unrest in communities that were already discontented. the Memphis sanitation strike, which was already underway, took on a new level of urgency. -
prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, and since 1974, sex.