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Following its 1871 defeat, the Austrian Empire reorganized as Austria-Hungary and accepted Germany’s leadership in Central Europe
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France’s defeat in 1871 caused it to lose status, as well as territory, to the new German nation.
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In 1878, the Great Powers recognized the independence of Serbia from the Ottoman Empire and put Austria-Hungary in charge of Bosnia-Herzegovina
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France took advantage of the Reinsurance Treaty’s end by forming an alliance with Russia in 1894.
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In 1904, the United States announced that it would take charge in any Latin American nation that could not properly manage its affairs
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Russia and Japan went to war over Manchuria and Korea
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Russia, France, and Great Britain formed the Triple Entente in 1907
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Hungary officially annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908.
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Russia agreed to respect Japan’s control over Korea, which became a Japanese colony in 1910.
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Russia also supported Serbia in two short Balkan Wars in 1912 and 1913
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By 1914, Germany, the nation Prussia created in 1871 after defeating the Austrian Empire and France in war
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Russia’s empire in 1914 extended from Central Europe to the Pacific Ocean, and from the Arctic to Afghanistan
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. In 1914, in the Balkans, this possibility became reality.
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In June 1914, an act of Serbian nationalism led to the murder of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.
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On July 31, Germany gave Russia 24 hours to halt its mobilization.
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Germany declared war on Russia on August 1,
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. The Three Pashas, the dominant political figures of the time, ordered Turkish troops to disarm the Armenian components of the Ottoman Army.
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In May 1915, a U-boat sank the British passenger ship Lusitania, which was also carrying 173 tons of ammunition from New York to London.
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Germany, clothing was scarce by 1916, and in cities, people simply did not have enough to eat. By 1917, food riots and strikes happened with increasing frequency.
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peace movements existed in every Great Power—including France—where German forces remained entrenched on the Western Front.
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Germany forces US hands to join the war against them
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The first five points addressed general world concerns—an end to secret agreements between nations, freedom of the seas, the removal of trade barriers, arms reduction, and a fair settlement of colonial disputes. The next eight points dealt with specific territorial issues in Europe and the Ottoman Empire.
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On November 9, the Kaiser abdicated and then fled to the Netherlands
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At 11:00 a.m. on November 11, the “war to end all wars” was finally over
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In January 1919, an international conference began at Paris, France, to set the terms of the peace. Twenty-seven nations were represented.
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But Americans sought to preserve the peace in other ways. For example, the Washington Naval Conference in 1921 resulted in an agreement by the major powers to reduce the size of their navies.
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In 1928 U.S. and French officials drew up an agreement that outlawed war as an instrument of foreign policy. The Kellogg-Briand Pact was signed by more than 60 nations.