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Sputnik 1, the first man-made object to orbit the Earth, is launched by the U.S.S.R., and remains in orbit until January 4, 1958.
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- N.A.S.A. is founded, taking over existing National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics.
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Luna 2 is launched, impacting on the moon on September 13 carrying a copy of the Soviet coat of arms, and becoming the first man-made object to hit the moon.
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Tiros 1, the first successful weather satellite, is launched by the U.S.
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Vostok 2 is launched by the U.S.S.R., carrying Cosmonaut Gherman Titov, the first day-long Soviet space flight.
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U.S. Mariner 2, the first successful planetary spacecraft, flies past Venus, and enters a solar orbit.
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Vostok 6 carries Soviet Cosmonaut Valentia Tereshkova, the first woman in space and orbits the Earth 48 times.
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U.S. Ranger 7 relays the first close-range photographs of the Moon.
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Ranger 9 transmits high-quality images of the moon, many of which were shown live in the first television spectacular about the moon.
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Soviet Luna 9 is the first spacecraft to soft-land on the moon.