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The hunter-gatherers settled down into villages and began farming and domesticating animals. Very important turn in history but did not happen all at one. Native American tribe would hunt and gather until the 1800s.
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One of the places hunter-gatherers built when they decided to settle down. Buildings were packed together tightly like honeycombs
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Two cities in the Indus River Valley. Built with a grid pattern of wide, straight streets. Sturdy houses with as many as 3 levels. Canal system for a reliable source of water.
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Prehistoric agricultural center in Southern Egypt. One of the earliest areas along the Nile Valley with domesticated barley, wheat, sheep, and goats.
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Humans began to see the need for tools that were lighter but still durable. They also needed to be easier to shape and produce. Bronze was the solution. Ancient Civilizations emerged in the Mediterranean Region and Asia.
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A true Monarchy was introduced. The king of Egypt became a living god who ruled absolutely and could demand services and wealth from his people.
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First empire in human history that introduced imperialism. The rulers of this empire became the first dynasty.
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A city-state of the Sumerian Empire on the Euphrates River. Hammurabi was crowned king in 1792 and began to defeat and control all the other Sumerican city states. Created his famous laws, The Code of Hammurabi. First time there were written laws to protect and punish.
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Entered a period of weak Kings and a loss of unification that King Narmer started. Two rival dynasties fought for power over the country. Mentuhotep II won and began consolidating his power all over Egypt. Regarded as the founder.
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The first recorded Chinese Dynasty with documentary and archaeological evidence. Ruled parts of northern and central China. Based on agriculture. Millet, wheat and barley were the main crops grown. This was an aristocratic society, with a king ruling over the military nobility.
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Contained some of Egypts most famous pharaohs like Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Amenhotep III, Akhenaten, Tutankhamun, Ramses II, and Cleopatra VII
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Occupied the easter coast of the Medditerranean. The Late Bronze age was a thriving time for them since they were more a group of maritime traders than a defined country. Contributed an alphabetic writing system that became the root of Western alphabets, and the English alphabet
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Founded their capital at Tenochtitlan and built a temple there.
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From his adventures he brought paper, paper currency, mechanical devices, coal, spices, the compass, porcelain, and pasta. Trade would open up on the Silk Road due to his travels.
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Pope Urban II in Rome called for a war to take back the Holy Land from the Empire of Islam in the Middle East.
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Split into the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods. The people of these times were in clans and were hunter-gatherers.
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Invaded Britain, and kept attacking for 300 years. Conquered England in 1066. Settled in and area of Britain that became known as Danelaw, and an area known as Normandy in France.
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Development of art forms such as pottery and sculpture. Advancements in political theory like beginnings of democracy. Advancements is culture and art.
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Charles reunified the Kingdom in France. Then defeated the Muslims in the city of Tours, France. Preserved Christianity as the controlling faith in Europe.
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Largest empire in human history to that time. Mediterranean region was the most civilized are on Earth.
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Greeks began to come into conflict with the kingdom of Persia. Athens reached its greatest political and cultural heights. Parthenon was built, creation of Greek tragedies and founding of philosophy by Socrates and Plato.
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The Roman Empire was the target of German invaders. Anglo-Saxons came to Britain across the North Sea. In Persia, Muhammad started the faith called Islam.
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Became King at 20 years old. Had about 40,000 loyal Greeks in his army and captured the Persian ports making it impossible to attack his army via sea. Defeated Darius again in 331 BCE. Invaded and defeated India and Afghanistan. Conquered Egypt.
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A war began by an illegal military act done by General Julius Caesar. Caesar wanted peace with Pompey, but he was denied so Pompey fled and left his army leaderless. This allowed Caesar to defeat them and be named dictator. Caesar went on to defeat Ptolemy XIII. He was murdered in 44 BCE because he was a dictator in a Republic which left the throne to Caesar Augustus.
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Founded the first settlement in Greenland
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William the Norman was promised the throne from King Edward when he was going to die. King Edward gave it to an Anglo-Saxon instead. William invaded England in the South and destroyed King Harold and his forces. He marched to London and was crowned first Norman King. French mixed with Anglo-Saxon to create modern English.
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A period of civil war in which the country was weak and a tribe called the Dorians took over. Art, architecture, writing and other forms of progress were lost and forgotten.
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12 Italian trading ships docked on the island of Sicily after traveling the Black Sea. Most of the sailors on the ship were dead, and the ones that were alive were very sick. Black boils that oozed blood and pus named this the Black Death. Rats from these ships carried this illness and it spread and killed more than 20 million people in Europe.
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This was established by monarchs. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella began this. They wanted to create religious unity and weaken local political authorities. The government also made a profit from confiscating the property of those found guilty of heresy.
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Spain, Portugal, France, and England sent explorers to the New World. Potatoes, sweet potatoes, game birds, tobacco, chocolate and lots of other stuff was brought back from the New World. Illness was brought to the Native Americans.
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Martin Luther used the new invention called the printing press to write 95 complaints about the Catholic church. He nailed these on the door of the Wittenburg Chapel.
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America’s first permanent English colony. Located in the middle of about 14,000 Algonquian speaking Indians ruled by Powhatan. Captain John Smith was the leader of the colony who established the “no work, no food” policy
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John Rolfe brought tobacco to Virginia. The cultivation required a lot of land and labor which grew the Virginia colony. Settlers moved onto the land and increased the numbers of indentured servants that came from England to Virginia.
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Passed by Parliament of Great Britain. Set out certain civil rights and clarified who would be next to inherit the crown.
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The first documented African slaves arrived from West Central Africa. Treated more as indentured servants. The act of owning slaves for life appeared in the 1650s, and it became the primary source of labor.
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The first representative government in America which was an assembly in Jamestown. The first business was to set a minimum price for tobacco. The 22 members were elected by all men over 17 who also owned land.
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The first document of Democracy in the New World. Was written and signed to make peace between the Pilgrims and colonists who wanted to go to Jamestown.
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Tax was added to each gallon of molasses in an effort to interfere with the French in the Caribbean and to raise revenue. The Tea Act: Act of Parliament whose purpose was to reduce the massive surplus of tea held by the British East India Company in its London warehouse. Boston Tea Party: All 13 colonies objected to the Tea Act. In Boston, the Sons of Liberty boarded tea ships anchored in the harbor and dumped the tea overboard. Samuel Adams was among them.
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Ended in 1763. French and English battled for colonial domination in North America, Carribean and in India. The English finally won, but was left with a lot of debt.
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A series of acts passed by Parliament. The purpose was to raise revenue in the colonies so they could play the salaries of governors and judges, to make a means of enforcing compliance with trade rules, to punish New York for not complying with the Quartering Act and to show the colonies that Parliament had the right to tax them.
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The Patriots saw the Intolerable Acts as a violation of rights so they organized this to plan a protest.
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British General Gage sent out British Soldiers to Lexington, Massachusetts and Concord The Battle of Bunker Hill: George Washington was just selected as Commander of the Colonial Army. Took place on Breed’s Hill. The Americans were defeated but it was a great loss for the British who lost 40% of their army.
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Important victory for Washington. France and Holland came through with aid and support after this win.
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British were surrounded by Americans on land and French on the coast. General Cornwallis surrendered, and King George approved.
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Similar to the Constitution but gave far less power to the central government and more to the individual states. Each state had their own laws and their own currency which created chaos
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Debate and addition of 10 amendments to protect civil rights and it was signed. It was made law in 1788 when the last state was ratified. This described the way government would run including the three branches with checks and balances.
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The US bought the Louisiana territory from France.
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They departed from Camp Dubois to voyage to the Pacific Coast. Only one member of the mission died. They made relations with over 20 indigenous nations
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President Jefferson relocated Indian tribes to the Louisiana Territory west of the Mississippi so there would be more open land for American settlers. Jefferson also drafted and signed a bill into law that banned the importation of slaves into the US
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The causes were a series of economic sanctions by the British and French against the US and Americans were mad at the British practice impressment
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This ended the War of 1812. Both sides were not expecting this to be such a tough fight. The US-British relations returned to that of before the war.
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The word of the treaty was traveling very slowly so this battle was fought after the treaty and the American victory didn’t mean anything. The Americans still celebrated and were very excited about this win. Patriotism!
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Signed by Andrew Jackson. Created an “Indian Territory” so Americans would have to good land on the East of the Mississippi. This law didn’t allow anyone to coerce the Native Americans to give up their land, but Jackson ignored that.
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The first Native American nation was forced off their land and had to make the journey to the Indian territory on foot without supplies, food, or help from government. Thousands died on the way. Tens of thousands would be torn off their land.
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States that the Dakota would cede their MN and Dakota land to the US Government and would be paid annuities.
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The first slaves were brought to Jamestown in 1619. By 1860 the South was reliant on cotton and completely depended on slave labor.
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This war would decide whether or not the US was to be an indivisible nation with a sovereign national government and if they would continue to be the largest slave holding country in the world. The North won which kept the US as one nation and ended the institution of slavery. Fort Sumter: Event that triggered war. Confederate Army opened fire on the federal garrison and forced it to lower the American flag in surrender. Lincoln called out the militia
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The last battle of the Dakota War. This war was caused because the Native Americans were put into unlivable situations by Americans and they wanted their land back. Many Dakota but some surrendered to the US Military. Ultimately led to 38 men being hanged in Mankato after being sentenced to death for killing Americans during the war.
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The real fighting began in with the huge battles of Shiloh, Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Antietam, Vicksburg, Chickamaua and Atlanta.
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All principal Confederate armies had surrendered and the Union captured Jefferson Davis in Georgia. All resistance collapses and the long process of rebuilding could begin.
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Presidents Andrew Jackson allowed new Southern legislature that passed restrictive laws to control the labor and behavior of former slaves and other African Americans.
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Caused by the outrage formed after the black codes were put into place. This allowed former slaves to have full voting rights, a voice in government for the first time in American History. Violent backlash from groups like the KKK would restore white supremacy in the South.
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Sioux and Cheyenne Indians left their reservations furious about the whites intrusion into their sacred land.
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Indians defeated Custer brutally. This was the high point of Indian Resistance as they achieved their greatest victory.
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US Army surrounded a band of Ghost Dancers and demanded that they surrender their weapons. A fight broke out between an Indian and a US soldier and a shot was fired. Brutal massacre followed which killed about 150 Indians and 25 US soldiers. Not really a battle as much as an avoidable massacre.