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Brown v. Board of Education - 1954
This supreme court ruling determined it unconstitutional to segregate White and Black students in public schools. The decision called for all United States public schools to enact this ruling "with all deliberate speed". -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act - Title VII
The amendment to this act articulates that funding be set aside specifically for "handicapped children" (currently children with disabilities) throughout all levels of primary and secondary school. These funds were called to be utilized for the "initiation, expansion, and improvement of programs and projects ... for the education of handicapped children" (1204). -
The Rehabilitation Act - Section 504
Section 504 requires that children with disabilities are treated equally and prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities based on their disabilities. This act has transformed through the years, extending this requirement to various situations and environments. -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act
The Act required schools to outline a plan for the education of children with disabilities, one in which parents and others concerned with the care of the child be consulted. Additionally, this act created opportunity for parents of children with disabilities to challenge decisions being handed down within the educational system. -
Hendrick Hudson School v. Rowley
This ruling established the necessity for schools to comply with free appropriate public education (FAPE) while defining exactly what this meant. The ruling also determined that these requirements be met in an environment that provided the least amount of restriction on students. -
American's with Disabilities Act
This act aided in the provision of employment opportunities for individuals with disabilities. Additionally, it demanded individuals with disabilities be provided with appropriate accommodations in public settings and in telecommunications. -
Oberti v. Board of Education of Clementon School District
This ruling provided that supplementary aids that would allow for the inclusion of students with disabilities in the general classroom be used when at all possible. Additionally, the ruling asserted that when inclusion is possible, segregated environments is inappropriate. -
No Child Left Behind
This act was intended to invoke a higher level of accountability within the education system for students' success and outcomes. This all at the risk of funding under Title I being revoked. A key aspect of this measure of accountability involves the regular administration of standardized tests beginning in the third grade. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA 2004)
This act is an adaptation of the IDEA 1990. It made changes to the IEP process, provided schools with more freedom in determining disciplinary action by allowing for an individualized case approach, and alterations in due process. An additional and important component was a move to avoid over-representation of any particular racial/ethnic identity in special education. -
Endrew F v. Douglas County School District
The citing for the initial suit is, from the parents' view, a failure on the schools part to provide "meaningful education". This ruling called for a higher level of education and a more suitable IEP for students with disabilities. Additionally, professionals must be able to support aspects of the IEP and demonstrate how they are beneficial for progress when considering the students circumstance.
