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In Brown v. Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously that racial segregation in public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The 1954 decision declared that separate educational facilities for white and African American students were inherently unequal.
Duignan, B. (2021, November 30). Brown v. Board of Education. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Brown-v-Board-of-Education-of-Topeka -
President Johnson articulated the need for more higher education opportunities for lower and middle income families, program assistance for small and less developed colleges, additional and improved library resources at higher education institutions, and utilization of college and university resources to help deal with national problems like poverty and community development. The HEA was a response.
Higher Education Act of 1965, H.R. 621, 89th Cong., 1st Sess. (1965) -
Bilingual Education Act (BEA), U.S. legislation (January 2, 1968) that provided federal grants to school districts for the purpose of establishing educational programs for children with limited English-speaking ability.
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2022, January 1). Bilingual Education Act. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bilingual-Education-Act -
The U.S. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights (OCR) enforces, among other statutes, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Title IX protects people from discrimination based on sex in education programs or activities that receive federal financial assistance. Title IX states:U.S. Department of Education
Office for Civil Rights; Washington, D.C. 20202-1328
Revised August 2021 -
Declares it to be the policy of the United States that all children enrolled in public schools are entitled to equal educational opportunity without regard to race, color, sex, or national origin; and that the neighborhood is the appropriate basis for determining public school assignments.
https://www.congress.gov/bill/93rd-congress/house-bill/40 -
FERPA gives parents certain rights with respect to their children's education records. These rights transfer to the student when he or she reaches the age of 18 or attends a school beyond the high school level. Students to whom the rights have transferred are "eligible students."https://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/fpco/ferpa/index.html -
Congress enacted the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (Public Law 94-142), also known as the EHA, in 1975 to support states and localities in protecting the rights of, meeting the individual needs of, and improving the results for infants, toddlers, children, and youth with disabilities and their families.https://sites.ed.gov/idea/IDEA-History -
Under the law, states were required to administer yearly tests of the reading and mathematics skills of public school students and to demonstrate adequate progress toward raising the scores of all students to a level defined as “proficient” or higher by 2014. Teachers were also required to meet higher standards for certification. Duignan, B. and Nolen, . Jeannette L. (2021, June 3). No Child Left Behind. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/No-Child-Left-Behind-Act -
When Congress reauthorized the Individuals with Disabiities Education Act, they made significant changes to Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) and IEP meetings. These changes included: content of IEPs;
who is required to attend IEP meetings;
IEPs by agreement;
reviewing and revising IEPs;
transition and transition plans; and
alternate ways to participate in meetings.
Copyright © 1998-2022, Peter W. D. Wright and Pamela Darr Wright. -
President Obama signed S. 2781, known as Rosa's law, requiring the federal government to replace the term "mental retardation" with "intellectual disability" in federal education, health, and labor laws. The law is named after Rosa Marcellino was born with Down syndrome. Rosa's mother, was moved to advocate to strip the "R" word from legislation when Rosa was referred to as having "mental retardation" in her education plan in elementary school. © 2022 Disability Law Colorado