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Landmark Supreme Court case decided by a unanimous ruling that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstiutional. Brown v. Board of Education was one of the foundational cases of the civil rights movement, and helped establish the precedent that separate-but-equal education was not equal.
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Landmark Supreme Court case decided by unanimous ruling that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. Brown was one of the foundational rulings of the civil rights movement and helped establish the precedent that separate-but-equal education was not equal. -
Provided federal funding to assist states in educating students as part of President Lyndon B. Johnson’s war on poverty. ESEA has been one of the most comprehensive pieces of legislation ever passed by Congress having been modified and reauthorized by Congress several times. -
Replaced Title VI of the ESEA to extend state grant programs for children with disabilities, provide grants to higher education institutions to train special education teachers, and create regional resource centers. The EHA was the first freestanding special education law that mandated that students with disabilities be educated and receive the special education and related services they needed to progress. -
PARC brought a class action suit against the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania arguing that students with intellectual disabilities were not receiving publicly supported education because the state was ignoring its constitutional obligations to provide a publicly supported education. PARC was resolved by a consent decree which set the stage for continued developments regarding the educational rights of students with disabilities between the ages of 6-21 who must receive a free public education. -
Brought by the parents and guardians of seven children diagnosed with a variety of disabilities and on behalf of all out-of-school students with disabilities, Mills charged that the students were improperly excluded from school without due process of law. Held that because segregation in public schools by race was illegal, it would be unconstitutional for the D.C. Board of Education to deprive students with disabilities from receiving an education. -
Congress passed P.L. 93-112, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 which included Section 504, a short provision and was the first civil rights law to protect the rights of individuals with disabilities. Section 504 prohibited discrimination against otherwise qualified individuals with disabilities in programs that receive federal funding. -
President Gerald Ford signed into law the most significant increase in the role of the federal government in special education with the EAHCA. Provided federal funding to states that agree to educate eligible students with disabilities as required in the EAHCA. Established the rights of eligible students with disabilities to a free appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment. Required schools to develop an IEP. Established procedural safeguards. -
President Ronald Reagan signed the HCPA into law to amend the EAHCA, granting courts the authority to award attorney’s fees to parents or guardians if they prevailed in their actions pursuant to the law. Allowed parents to recover attorney’s fees if they prevail in a due process hearing or court case. -
Renamed the EAHCA the IDEA
Added traumatic brain injury and autism as new disability categories under the IDEA
Added a transition requirement to the IEP for students age 16 or older
Added language that states were not immune from lawsuits under the 11th Amendment for violations of the IDEA
Changed to people first language -
NCLB was the product of collaboration between civil rights and business groups, as well as both Democrats and Republicans on Capitol Hill and the Bush Administration, which sought to advance American competitiveness and close the acheivement gap between poor and minority students and their advataged peers. In December 2015, Congress passed the ESSA to replace NCLB. ESSA moved in the opposite direction paring back the federal role in K-12 education. -
The law scaled back much of the role given to the U.S. Department of Education and gave leeway to the states to implement the new requirements of ESSA. ESSA eliminated many of the controversial requirements of NCLB such as adequate yearly progress, accountability provisions, and sanctions. ESSA gave the states discretion in designing accountability systems and addressing the needs of low-performing schools.