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Meyer v. Nebraska
This case opened the door to creating high quality biligual programs for ESL students. It also gave the states authority to look over instruction in public schools. -
Farrington v. Tokushige
This case also endorsed high quality bilingual programs and gave parents the rights to have after school and weekend programs that would create language programs for their children. -
Brown v. Board of Education
This case decided that ELL students could not be seperated from the regular classes because they needed to learn English. This provided "equal educational oppurtunities." -
ESEA Elementary and Secondary Education Act
These included policies, procedures and funds that helped low income families.This gave ELL students more opportunities in the classroom. -
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Title VII/ Bilingual Act
This Act has evolved greatly over the years. Each time it was reauthoized or debated, it gave ELL students more benefits and rights for greater educational growth. The purpose was that the goals of Title VII would show how children could benefit from instruction in their home language.After many revisions it made clear the the ELL population would greatly benefit from bilingual education. -
Lau v. Nichols
This has been noted as the most important court decision that benefited ELL students. It was a case that had Chinese American students in San Francisco placed in regular education classrooms. They could not speak or understand the English language. They were in a "sink or swim" situation. This case deemed this against the law. These students have rights. There is no equality of treatment by only providing basic instruction and books. -
EEOA Equal Educational Oppurtunities Act
this says" No state shall deny educational opportunities to an individual on account of his or her race, color, sex or national origin." Children have rights to overcome language constrictions through appropriate educational and instructional programs. -
Castaneda v. Pickard
This was a Texas case that was about requests for bilingual education. The result was a three itemed test to see if schools were addressing the needs of their ELL students. -
Plyer v. Doe
This was a case based out of Texas. Texas was not giving immigrant children the right to attend public schools. The Supreme Court decided that it was in the greater good to allow these children the right to attend schools where they live, even though they were not U.S. citizens. No child can be excluded from education. -
Gomez v. Illinois State Board of Education
This case case focused on upholding the policies put in place to see if districts were creating ELL programs that met the needs of the students involved. -
California Proposition 227
This came from the passing of the English for the Children Iniatiatives. It put devastating restrictions on bilingual education programs. A millionaire claimed that bilingual education was a violation of the rights of bilingual children. False data was used to get this initiative passed. Parents became advocates to waiver this in many schools. California in 2016 approved a bill to replace 227 with a bill that allowed for multilingual education programs. -
Flores v. Arizona
This case gave ELL students rights because of their "home language." It also stated schools cannot ignore the needs of their ELL population. -
Arizona Proposition 203
This proposition was passed under the English for Children Iniatives in the state of Arizona. Arizonia said that they were doubling the ELL students who were being proficient each year by using this proposition. That claim was based on invalid measures and invalid data. Arizonia was forcing their ELL students to be mainstreamed before they were proficient in English. -
NCLB No Child Left Behind
President Bush decided that in the ESEA, the Title VII Bilingual Act would be replaced by Title III. The word Bilingual was replaced with LEP Limited English Proficient.This was done to take away the negative thought of a deficit learner. -
Title III: Language Instruction for Limited English Proficient and Immigrant Students
Title III gave grants to help with state education agencies. This is not like the Bilingual Education Act, it gives money to non bilingual and bilingual programs, so that the children get the services they need. All ELL students are to have " language instruction education programs." These programs must have two things in place to get this money. Teach English and teach academic content. -
Title I: Improving the Achievement of the Economically Disadvantaged
Title I is " to ensure that all children have a fair,equal,and significant opportunity to obtain a high quality education and reach at a minimum, proficiency." Title I says all children grades 3 to 8 must be tested annually in reading/ language arts and math. they must be tested once in high school in these areas. It also states they must be tested in science three times through grades 3-12. This includes all ELL students. ELL studenst must be tested in a " valid and reliable manner." -
WIDA World Class Instructional Design and Assessment
This was an " English language prociency assessment." It was given to ELL students to assess comprehension and communication in English. In 2012 it was updated to comply with the college and career standards. -
Massachusetts Question 2
Massachusetts along with California and Arizonia have very large populations of ELL students. These states used the English for Children iniative to put restrictions on bilingual programs. These iniatives violated the rights of ELL students by using false data to support their claims. Waivers are being used in these states to get around the law so that these bilingual students can get the services they deserve. -
ARRA American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act was created for educational reform. It gave 44 billion dollars for funding in educational programs. This was created through President Barrack Obama. -
RTTT Race to the Top
This program was created from the ARRA program. It was a program that gave 4 billion dollars in grants to begin educational reforms in the United States. This was also created by the Barrack Obama administration. It had 4 criterias to get the grants, prepare students for college, employ effective teachers and principals, measure student success rates, and turn around low performing schools. -
CCSS Common Core State Standards
This was a state effort that was started by the Governors Association. It was put in place to have states develop language arts and math standards.It was done to make sure that all high school graduates were prepared for college and the workforce. -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act Flexibility
Many states were not meeting the AYP Adequate Yearly Progress deadline that was set, so President Obama let states apply for ESEA Flexibility. This allowed states to submit alternatives for their school reforms. Through this however only two states were approved, and the other states did not give great details on how their ELL population were being served. -
Next Generation Science Standards
These were science standards that were set, to make sure students had the knowledge and skills needed to be successful when entering college and the workforce from high school. -
ESSA Every Student Succeeds Act
This act ensures that every student gets the federal funding they need to get the highest level of education. it also guarantees their rights to quality teachers. This act sets clear expectations through testing yearly to make sure students were meeting the standards that were set for success.
