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The first telescopic observation of the sky was made by Galileo and he discovered Jupiter's moons, lunar craters, and the phases of Venus.
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The first telescopic photograph of the Moon was taken by John William Draper.
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The Goddard Files were subsequently awarded U.S. patends on multistage and liquid-fueled rockets because of Robert H. Goddard.
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Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket.
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The first rocket was launched past the Kármán line (100 km/62 mi above Earth's surface) meaning that it official went into outer space. This was done by Germany.
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Sputnik 1 was launched by the USSR and was the first artificial satellite in space.
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The USSR fired the first rocket in Earth's orbit and was the first to reach Earth's escape volocity.
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The USSR launched the first artificial satellite to reach the moon and it was the first artificial satellite in heliocentric orbit.
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NASA took the first photograph of Earth from orbit.
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NASA created the first solar probe.
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NASA created the first reusable manned spacecraft.
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NASA launched the first spacecraft that went past Neptune, making it the first spacecraft to past all of the Solar System planets.
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The USSR had a space station that they used consistenly over a long period of time.
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NASA launched the first orbital cosmic microwave observatory into space.
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Astronauts Scott Kelly and Mikhail Kornienko returned to Earth from their 340 day space mission in the ISS. This is the longest time spent in space.