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"With the treaties of 1854 and 1855 began a time of enforced change, adaptation, and struggle which continues today"(https://www.historylink.org/File/1506). "Arthur, the youngest, was the only one to remain on Puget Sound"(Guterson 72). Guterson tries to contextualize the oppression and extermination of Native Americans in North American through Arthur, representing that he was one of few left. Photo by Kenneth Greg Watson (brewminate.com) -
"Vancouver arrived in 1792 and named the inland sea for his second lieutenant, Peter Puget."(https://www.britannica.com/). "The Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company and the Puget Sound Power and Light Company indicated steps would be taken to guard their facilities here"(Guterson 374). The author also uses imagery in this scenario to show how the European settlers took over Native American land and industrialized it for modern day America Photo from Survey HAER WA-64 (www.loc.gov) -
"California, along with many other western states, enacted laws that banned "aliens ineligible for citizenship" from owning or leasing land"(immigrationhistory.org). "let is be known that this court is not concerned with any perpetuators of violations against our state's now--blessedly so-- defunct Ailen Land Law"(Guterson 256). The author is foreshadowing that there will be continued discrimination towards Japanese Americans. Image by the Los Angeles Examiner (calendar.eji.org) -
"More than 2,400 Americans died in the attack, including civilians, and another 1,000 people were wounded. The day after the assault, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan"(www.history.com). "The Japanese air force has bombed everything. It is bad for us, terribly bad. There is nothing else on the radio. Everything is Pearl Harbor"(Guterson 366). Guterson uses imagery to depict how catastrophic the attack was. Image by AP Photo, U.S. Navy -
"President Roosevelt, as commander-in-chief, issued Executive Order 9066 that resulted in the internment of Japanese Americans"(www.archives.gov). "Her life had always been strenous--field work, internment, more field work on top of housework--but during this period under Mrs. Shigemura's tutelage sage had learned to compose herself in the face of it"(Guterson 174). Guterson's use of characterization give Mrs. Shigemura a sense of perseverance. Image by Corbis/Getty Images (www.history.com) -
"After the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor, most were convinced to support the war, but Roosevelt created the O.W.I. in 1942 to boost wartime production at home and undermine enemy morale in Europe, Asia, and Africa"(www.pbs.org). "They wanted us to be able to kill them with no remorse, to make them less than people"(Guterson 710). Guterson again uses characterization to show the effects of propaganda and increase their wrath Image by the Department of Defense (www.whatcommuseum.org) -
"A Dear John letter is a written communication in which the author ends a personal and intimate relationship with the recipient"(grammarist.com). "He had not come, he had been there for less than three seconds altogether, and in that--if her letter was right--she'd discovered she didn't love him anymore while he'd come to lover her even more"(Guterson 728). The letter represents a sense of irony since Hatsue didn't love Ishmael but he does. Image source unknown (1940s.org) -
"The Battle for Tarawa comprised a part of a larger U.S. invasion intended to capture Japanese-held territory within the Gilbert Islands"(www.dpaa.mil). "On Tarawa he had seen the bodies of men who had died facedown in shallow water. The warm tides had washed over them for days, and the skin had loosened from their limbs"(Guterson 108). Guterson gives graphic imagery of the fierce Battle of Tarawa. Image from National Archives (www.nationalww2museum.org) -
"U.S. ground forces began the Battle of Okinawa. The objective was to secure the island, thus removing the last barrier standing between U.S. forces and Imperial Japan"(www.history.navy.mil). "...the death of Carl Heine, a man who endured the sinking of the Canton and who, like Horace himself, had survived Okinawa--only to die, it appeared, in a gill-netting boat accident"(Guterson) It is ironic that Carl fought and survived Okinawa to die in a boat accident. Image by J. R. Eyerman (time.com) -
"To commemorate the many lives lost during the attack, the Pearl Harbor National Memorial was constructed at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickman on Oahu Island in Hawaii. The park includes nine historic sites representing various aspects of the war in the Pacific"(www.nationalparks.org). '''After Pearl Harbor,' he said to her,'my father buried all of this'''(Guterson 742). Guterson uses personification because her father did not literally bury the war. Image by Diana Quinlan (www.britannica.com).