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Beethoven 1770-1827
Instrumental in moving music towards romanticism; he is an icon in our present culture; established the heroic topic in orchestral music; the transitional composer between classicism and romanticism. Composed 9 symphonies. -
Hoffmann 1776-1822
German writer and composer; writer of The Nutcracker fable; his writings epitomize Romanticism; also an artist. -
Weber 1786-1826
Founder of German Romantic Opera; studied with Michael Haydn; important conductor. Composed the first German romantic opera "Der Freischutz" (The Magic Bullet 1819-21) -
Period: to
French Revolution
A period of political and societal change that took place in France. Sought to change the relationship between the rulers and those they who governed. -
Rossini 1792-1868
The most famous composer in the early 19th century in Vienna; composed mostly choral music and operas; Italian. -
Paris Conservatoire
France founded the Paris Conservatory as a state institution for training musicians. Cherubini became the director in 1822. -
Donizetti 1797-1848
Student of Mayr; Verdi's intermediate forerunner in serious Italian opera; prolific composer of all genres. -
Schubert 1797-1828
Austrian composer who created a genre of artistic and dramatic Lieder; expansive melodies; frequencies modulations; many unfinished works; romanticized after his early death. -
Bellini 1801-35
Italian opera composer; created dramas with extreme passion, action, and emotion. -
Berlioz 1803-69
French composer, conductor, writer, and innovator; he was the leading French musician in his day; his works embody the notions of Romanticism -
Glinka 1804-57
The father of Russian music; European trained; prolific -
Fanny Mendelssohn 1805-47
Had the same training as Felix; she was discouraged from composing; married, then published more; her house was a center for intellectuals and culture. -
Symphony No.5 in C Minor, Opus 67
Uses an insistent rhythmic drive; opening motive is used throughout the whole 1st movement (cyclic symphony). Strings dominate thematically.
-Composed in Vienna
https://youtu.be/fuPrcnpIRx8 -
Felix Mendelssohn 1809-47
Early romantic; conservative style; important as a conductor; revived Bach's music; German composer Jewish heritage -
Schumann 1810-56
Important as a critic, editor, and composer; center of musical life; lost his sanity at a young age. -
Chopin 1810-49
Polish/ French composer and pianist; he innovated new piano techniques; he is more famous today than during his lifetime; known for his character pieces. -
Tone Poems (Symphonic Poems)
1 movement orchestral works that often had programmatic associations. -
Character Pieces
1- movement poetic works for solo piano. -
Musicians in the 19th Century
Democratic society liberated composers and performers; no longer servants; concert halls become the focus, while courts are declined. -
Lieder
Composers created poetry settings and emotional expression and they were cheap to perform or share with others. -
Period: to
19th Century Salon
The Salon was a "drawing room"; Friends would gather to play and sing -
Liszt 1811-1886
Piano virtuoso, writer, conductor, composer, innovator, and supporter of Wagner. -
Sethoscope
Invented by French physician René Laënnec in 1816. -
Erie Canal
The canal, from the Hudson River to the Great Lakes, would change the course of American history, allowing settlers to head westward and goods to flow to the port of New York City. -
The Ophicleide
Keyed brass instrument similar in range to a trombone; patented by Jean Hilaire. -
C. Schumann (Wieck) 1819-1896
Wife of Robert Schumann; virtuoso pianist, and composer. -
The Carlsbad Decrees
Placed severe limits on freedom of expression by individuals (including artists) and institutions such as Universities and presses. -
Period: to
Musical Manifestations
-more minor keys
-larger orchestras/choirs
-phrasing=more expansive
-melodic & harmonic chromaticism
-wider range of dynamics
-pieces were meant to be poetic -
Smetana 1824-84
Czech composer; established Czech opera in the 19th century; nationalist. -
Strauss 1825-99
Viennese composer, conductor, and violinist; called the "Waltz-King" -
Foster 1826-64
American songwriter; vernacular style -
Sewing Machine
Frenchman Barthelemy Thimonnier invents a rudimentary sewing machine. -
Bizet 1838-75
French composer who created a new type of serious French opera. -
Tchaikovsky 1840-93
Russian composer, conductor and teacher, Western trained; emotional; conservative harmonic language -
Saxophone
The saxophone was invented by Adolphe sax around 1845-46. -
Elgar 1857-1934
English composer; received international acclaim; not folksong oriented -
Ma vlast (My Country) No.2 "Vltava"
Cycle of 6 tone poems; Smetana uses tone painting to evoke the sounds of the Moldau River.
-https://youtu.be/3ZJwlDPWEkg