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Sebastiaan Vrancx, "A landscape with travellers ambushed outside a small town" Oil on canvas. 51 x 81 cm. Exact date unknown.
Time: Thirty' Years War
-man on white horse in lower left corner is carrying a flintlock musket
-invention of the flintlock allowed firearms to be weather-resistant
-transition from blades to firearms -
Padre Eterno was launched in 1663 from Rio de Janeiro. It was a part of the Portuguese Navy and is considered by the Portuguese as one of "the most famous warship the world has ever seen." The Padre Eterno could hold 140 pieces of artillery and 2,000 tons of cargo as it accuratly reflects the economic, militatry and explorative use of galleons. Source: Marcolin, Neldson. "Sailing on Familiar Seas | Revista Pesquisa Fapesp." Revistapesquisa.fapesp.br. Revista Pesquisa Fapesp, 30 Nov. 2011. Web.
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http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/great-plague/source-2/ This image is of King Charles II, "Rules and Orders" for dealing with the plague in England. It is significant because it embodies the European reaction to such a large epidemic and their reaction embodies the beliefs and culture of Europe. Some orders mentioned include:
-The burning of fumes
-The quarantine of homes and areas
-Avoiding certain meats
-Proper burials -
"Les Nouveaux Missionnaires" (or "The New Missionaries") is an etched print by Engelmann. It was finalized in 1686 and portrayed the “Dragonnades” in France. The Dragonnades were events which ordered the dragoons (soldiers of Louis XIV) to force protestant Huguenot families to convert back to Catholicism under threat of severe repercussions.
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Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval. Drawing of a 12-Pound Gun.
Time: Napoleonic Wars, 1803-1815
-development and standardization revolutionized the use battlefield artillery
-provided smaller and more accurate cannon that was capable of firing both balls and mortars
-scientific studies conducted to investigate the relationship
between the size and accuracy of projectiles
-military success led to societal reform in enemy states
-war led to French industrialization -
In 1783, Marquis de Jouffroy d'Abbans took the first ride in a steamship down the river Saône in France and as he was cheered by onlookers. Although the ride was short, it was successful and people began to notice the power steam possessed. This event was the beginning of a transformation for Europe economically, militarily and leisurly. "Bateau à Vapeur De Jouffroy D'Abbans." Musee-marine.fr. Musee National De La Marine, n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2015.
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http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/jenner-and-james-phipps This entry is of British physician Edward Jenner's first successful smallpox vaccination procedure, in England. It is significant not only because of the medical advancement it signifies, but also because the style of the painting symbolizes other influences ongoing during this period in time such as Romanticism. The painting shows him innoculating a boy (James Phipp) with the cowpox virus, making him immune to smallpox.
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"Napoleon crossing the Alps" (1801) by Jacques-Louis David is an oil painting on canvas that depicts Napoleon Bonaparte leading the people of France through the Alps to fight the Habsburg Monarchy in Piedmont, Italy. The painting commemorates the victory of the French at the Battle of Marengo against the Habsburgs.
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http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/surgery/reconstructive.aspx This entry is of a British surgeons first successful skin graft. It is important because it represents not only the medical advancements during this time and the beginning of cosmetics in Europe, but also because it embodies many cultural components of Europe during this period in time including sex.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1570491/ This entry is of French scientist, Rene Laennec who was responsible for the invention of the stesthescope and identified the cause of the swelling of the lungs in Turberculosis victims. It is significant not only for its importance to medicine, but also because it embodies contradictory movements in Europe, Romanticism and Enlightenment. His discoveries became pillars to not only the treatment of turberulosis, but numerous other maladies.
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"Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830" (1834) by Egide Charles Gustave Wappers is an oil on canvas painting located in the Museum of Fine Art in Brussels, and depicts the war that allowed Belgium to secede form the Netherlands and become the United Kingdom of Belgium.
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In 1835 the first German railway was completed, linking Nuremberg and Furth. This was significant because they were in two different German states and soon many other states would follow with the Zollverein coalition. This best represents the production, trade and unification of the nations with trains. Source: "First German Railway, 1835." Sciencephoto.com. Science Photo Library, n.d. Web. 03 Apr. 2015. http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/363029/view.
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In 1863 the first underground tranportation opened underneath the city of London. The underground railways functioned as a short and quick type of public transportation accross cities and helped fuel the Second Industrial Revolution.
Source: "150 Years of the London Underground." Theguardian.com. The Guardian, 9 Jan. 2013. Web. 1 Apr. 2015.
<http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2Fgallery%2F2013%2Fjan%2F09%2F150-years-london-underground-pictures>. -
http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7t1nb59n&chunk.id=d0e2775&toc.id=&brand=ucpress This entry is of a water well being pumped by death or the grime reaper and the water being served to peasants. It is significant because it portrays the route of the disease and demonstrates Western initiative to deal with it. This entry is not only significant because it demonstrates a cause of cholera, but also because it shows how far propaganda and information sharing has come.
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Robert Whitehead with a battered test torpedo, 1875.
Time: 1860-1900
-presented to the Austrian Imperial Naval Commission
-1878: Russo-Turkish War, Turkish ship Intibah sunk by Russian torpedo boats carrying Whiteheads
-French, German, Italian and Russian navies acquired manufacturing rights and arm their boats with torpedoes
-developments include pendulum-and-hydrostat for depth and gyroscope for direction, both still used today
-U-boats in WWI -
The political cartoon "The Dogs of War" by Joseph Swain was published in PUNCH, a British Magazine on June 17th, 1876, representing Russia holding back the Balkan territories from viciously attacking Turkey. The Russo-Turkish War broke out shortly after this cartoon was published, between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
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In 1886 Karl Benz was granted a patent for the first modern automobile. Although the automobile was created in 1886, it only began to have major significant affects around the 1920's when it became popular among middle class workers. Source: Deffree, Suzanne. "Karl Benz Drives the First Automobile, July 3, 1886." Edn.com. EDN Network, 3 July 2014. Web. 03 Apr. 2015. http://www.edn.com/electronics-blogs/edn-moments/4376656/Karl-Benz-drives-the-first-automobile--July-3--1886</a.
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Richard Jack. "The Second Battle of Ypres" May 1915. Oil on canvas. 371.5 x 589.0 cm. Canadian War Memorials Fund.
Time: World War I, 1914-1918
-late 1930s: WWII threatened Europe, there was a scramble to find a cure for poison gases
-physicians realized that those exposed to mustard gas were susceptible to developing leukemia or lymphoma because of low white blood cell count
-eventually hypothesized that mustard gas could also be used to target cancerous cells, led to invention of chemotherapy -
"Sind wir die Barbaren" (or "Are we the Barbarians?") by Louis Oppenheim is a German propaganda poster which was used during World War I to assure the German population that during a time of war, Germany was not the only country going to extreme measures to win the war. The drawings and annotations point to comparisons between Germany and other European countries, in order to justify the means and the outcomes of the First World War
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Although the airplane was invented earlier in 1903, it could be said that WWI helped aid the evolution of the airplane. The models towards the end of the war and after it were much more efficient than those before. The airplane gave birth to a new type of successful and quick transportation that influenced travel, globalization and warfare.
Unknown. "The German Airforce on the Western Front 1914-1918." Iwm.org.uk. Imperial War Museum, n.d. Web. 05 Apr. 2015. -
The Citroën Type A was one of the first affordable cars for middle class Europeans available for purchase. It was released in 1919 and was a part of a factory line which made it affordable. It played an important role in reorganization of social areas, increasing travelling freedoms and giving birth to new businesses. Source:
Le catalogue Citroën 1918-1960, Fabien Sabatès, Editions Massin
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chaine_Citroen_typea.jpg -
Alan Turing and colleagues. Breakdown of the Naval Enigma Situation and plan of attack. Appendix II of UK Public Record Office Document HW14/2
Time: 1939-1945
-proposal and plan for how to solve the Naval Enigma code
-mention of Turing's machine -
The propaganda posted "Women of Britain, Come into the Factories" by Philip Zec was a poster used during World War II to invite women to participate in the war effort on the home front by working in factories, and manufacturing weapons and other machines needed for the war.
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http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/wwii This entry shows a medic during WWII dealing with a diphtheria victim, diphteria was extremely prevalent during WWII and was a major issue for both the allies and the axis powers. It is also significant because it signified the end of an era of instability in Europe. Europe was done, being ravaged by disease and done being ravaged by death.
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Schenley Laboratories drug advertisement in LIFE magazine, August 1944
Time: World War II, 1939-1945
-penicillin was discovered to have antibiotic properites in 1928 but no further research was conducted until the outbreak of WWII
-more soldiers died from infection than from wounds, so there was an immediate need for bacteria-fighting medication
-led to the development of penicillin into an accessible and convenient medication
-WWII popularized penicillin
