-
The Crusades were religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups.
-
the Crusaders and their Byzantine allies attacked Nicea (now Iznik, Turkey), the Seljuk capital in Anatolia. The city surrendered in late June.
-
Encamping before Jerusalem in June 1099, the Christians forced the besieged city’s governor to surrender by mid-July.
-
Saladin began a major campaign against the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. His troops virtually destroyed the Christian army at the battle of Hattin, taking back the important city along with a large amount of territory
-
The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353. It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history.
-
A rough estimate of deaths, 25 million people in Europe died from plague during the time. The population of western Europe did not again reach its pre-1348 level until the beginning of the 16th century. -
One of the worst massacres of Jews during the Black Death takes place on Valentine’s Day in Strasbourg, with 2,000 Jewish people burned alive.
-
The plague’s spread significantly begins to peter out, possibly thanks to quarantine efforts, after causing the deaths of anywhere between 25 to 50 million people, and leading to the massacres of 210 Jewish communities.
-
the Early Renaissance is the time from 1400 to 1500 in European, painting, sculpture, and architecture, when naturalistic styles and humanist theories were evolved from the study of classical sources, notably by Donatello, Masaccio, and Alberti.
-
1420s, the Papacy of the Catholic Church united and returned to Rome, to begin the vast art and architectural spending there. This custom saw major rebuilding when Pope Nicholas V was appointed in 1447.
-
In 1452, the artist, humanist, scientist, and naturalist Leonardo da Vinci was born. -
The Gutenberg Bible was the earliest major book printed using mass-produced movable metal type in Europe. -
In the late renaissance mannerism emerged.
-
The High renaissance was is Rome when stylistically, painters during this period were influenced by classical art, and their works were harmonious.
-
Columbus set sail from Spain in three ships: the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria to America. -
Vasco da Gama was the first to sail from Europe to India by rounding Africa's Cape of Good Hope. Da Gama landed and traded in locales along the coast of southern Africa before reaching India. -
Leonardo da Vinci started painting the Mona Lisa in 1503 in the Italian city, but in 1516 he was invited by King François I to work in France, and scholars think he finished the painting there. -
Humanist author Erasmus writes Praise of Folly.
-
The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.
-
The Reformation was the start of Protestantism and the split of the Western Church into Protestantism and what is now the Roman Catholic Church.
-
Galileo discovered the Galilean satellites of Jupiter in with a refracting telescope.