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Scientific Management
Fredrick Taylor was the first to discuss Scientific Management and was from the United States.
-His work focused on seperating the duties that management performed vs. the duties the people performing the work.
-Took a scientific approach to organizational behavior.
-Disscussed dividing the work task equally between managers and workers, managers to plan and people to perform the work. -
Rational-Legal
Max Weber's work 'Economy and Society' is published in Germany.
- In the work Weber gives one of the first important analysis on bureaucracy within a 'closed-system' view of organizations.
- While utilizing a Prussian mindset of order, the rational-legal method utilized superior effuciency but was open to external accountability issues. -
Administrative Management School
James Mooney wrote "The Scalar Principal" and was from the United State.
-Examined the hierarchy of organizations.
-An organization is only as good as the leadership at the top and looked at the principal of delegation. -
Administrative Management School
Luther Gulick wrote "Notes on the Theory of Organizations" in the United States.
-Focused his work on two fundamental functions of organizations; division and coordination of work duties.
-Looked at specialization to address division of work and goal setting strategies to address coordination of work. -
Limits on Rationality
Herbert Simon wrote "The Proverbs of Administration" in the United States.
-Put decision making as the main focus.
-More empirical and analytical approach to organizational analysis -
Human Relationships
Kurt Levin examined social psychology, group dynamics, and human relationships in the United States.
-First to use control groups in social experiments.
-Examined ways to change individual peoples attitudes.
-First to apply experimental methods to study human behavior.
-This theory shows shift from organization as whole to workers as individuals. -
Human Side of Enterprise
Douglas McGregor wrote "The Human Side of Enterprise" in the United States.
-Proposed Theory X and Y to examine how organizations view workers.
-Theory X discussed workers as lazy where organization has to push workers and Theory Y viewed workers as self-motivated and desiring to work.
-Theory Y was a paradigm shift from historical views. -
Transition to Open Systems
James Thompson looked at how organizations transition from closed to open-systems perspectives.
-In examining the progression of organizations, Thompson observes that top coalitions try to contain themselves in closed-system boundaries but as technology and society changes, these organization must adapt to open system stratigies.
-This work starts to integrate a modern view of society and how technology has changed since the early work on organizations.
