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Eratosthenes developed a system of longitude and latitude, which proved helpful in future studies of the Earth as well as navigation.
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Ptolemy made the first model of the solar system, which allowed for accurate studies of our universe.
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Copernicus made the first heliocentric model of our solar system, which went against the religion-based model that ruled his time.
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Brahe discovered and named a supernova, which challenged the idea that the stars were unchanging and proved the universe was ruled by chaos, not order.
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Kepler is best known for his laws about the motion of the planets, which is still used for studies today.
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Newton developed laws and formulas for gravity which are still used in cosmology and physics today.
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Einstein is known for his theory of relativity, which describes time as relative instead of a fixed speed. His thinking revolutionized the way we thought about the universe's processes.