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Gabriel Faure
French composer, teacher, keyboardist, influential in modern tonality; stage works, choral music, vocal and orchestral works, chamber music, piano works. -
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Gustav Mahler
Austrian composer where some orchestral works represent Maximalism. Known for Lieder. -
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Claude Debussy
Introduced musical Impressionism in France. Most important French composer of the early 20th century. Composer of Prelude to "The Afternoon of a Faun" (1894) which was based on a tone poem (symphonic poem) by the symbolist Stephane Mallarme's poem. -
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Frederick Delius
English composer of German descent; stage works, orchestral, choral and chamber music. -
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Richard Strauss
Composer of tone poems and some of the first modern operas. Works also represent maximalism. -
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Erik Satie
Not an impressionist, but a leader in new French aesthetics on which impressionism was built; dramatic works, songs, piano works, writings. -
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Arnold Schoenberg
Inventor of 12-tone music, teacher of Webern and Berg; operas, symphonies, choral and chamber music, canons, piano works, writings. -
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Charles Ives
American, innovated atonality, original, creative; piano works, symphonies, orchestral sets, choral music, band music, chamber music. -
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Gustav Holst
English, influenced by folksong and Hindu mysticism; orchestral works, stage works, choral, chamber works, songs. -
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Maurice Ravel
French composer, innovator in pianistic style; operas, ballets, orchestral, vocal and piano works. -
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Ottorino Respighi
Italian composer, used impressionism; stage works, concertos, tone poems, vocal and piano works. -
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Igor Stravinsky
Composed vigorous, repetitive ostinatos in "Rite of Spring" (1913) which demonstrated the musical aspects of Primitivism. -
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Edgard Varese
French-American; created new musical timbres and modern orchestration techniques in non-tonal music. -
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Anton von Webern
Known for musical brevity and clarity of texture, uses pointillism; symphonies, orchestral works, chamber and choral music. -
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Alban Berg
Expressive language, often atonal; opera, orchestral works, concertos, chamber music. -
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Impressionism
Chord progression rules were abandoned and all chords were treated equally. Anti-German, French lead, sense of vagueness. -
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Maximalism
Where musical elements, expression, and chromaticism are pushed to the extreme. Music was thick with motives and themes and often used in an orchestra. -
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Sergei Prokofiev
Russian, "Peter and the Wolf" (1936); symphonies, concertos, operas, film scores, dramatic music, ballets. -
First modern olympic games in Athens, Greece.
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Galveston Hurricane
Death toll of an estimated 6,000 to 8,000 people. -
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Undisguised Avant-Garde
Boldest expressions against Romanticism. Composers Satie and Faure publicly spoofed the Wagnerian style. -
Wright Brothers
Invent the first successful airplane. -
Expressionism
Emerged in Germany, all twelve notes were treated equally, atonality was created. -
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Neo-Classicism
Used textures, topics, and forms from the 18th century and combined them with modern harmony, tonality, and timbres. -
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Primitivism
A Western visual art movement that borrowed non-Western subjects, often naive or folk-like in nature. -
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World War I
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Dadaism
Anti-art movement in which artists and poets reacted against war and the bourgeois in Europe. -
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Jazz
Emerged from West African cultural and musical expression. -
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Non-tonal
A composition style that focused on musical elements other than pitch. -
Stock Market Crash
Precipitates the Great Depression.