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World War I Discharged Vets
Received little more than $60 allowance a train ticket home.
Reference:
(n.a.) (n.d). Education and training: History and timeline. Retrieved from: http://www.benefits.va.gov/gibill/history.asp -
World War Adjusted Act of 1924
Veteran served more than sixty days could receive $1 for each day on duty stateside and $1.25 for each day on duty overseas. bonus came in the form a certificate payable in 1945 or at death
Reference:
Hindley, M. (2014). How the GI Bill Became Law in Spite of Some Veterans’ Groups:
World War II brought about a new deal for veterans. Humanities 35(4). Retrieved from:
https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2014/julyaugust/feature/how-the-gi-bill-became-law-in-spite-some-veterans-groups -
Bonus Army
15-20K WWI vets marched Capitol Hill to request early payment of cash bonuses b/c The Great Depression destroyed economy.
Reference: (n.a). (n.d). Bonus army march. American Treasures of Library of Congress. Retrieved from: https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm203.html. -
Fireside Chats with FDR
"Laying plans for the return to civilian life of our gallant men and women in the armed services. They would "be entitled to definite action to help take care of their special problems."
Reference:
Hindley, M. (2014). How the GI Bill Became Law in Spite of Some Veterans’ Groups:
World War II brought about a new deal for veterans. Humanities 35(4). Retrieved from:
https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2014/julyaugust/feature/how-the-gi-bill-became-law-in-spite-some-veterans-groups -
From proposal to Legislation
FDR asks Congress to enact legislation that would finance 1 year of educational or vocational training for all those who served in WWII.
Reference: Hindley, M. (2014). How the GI Bill Became Law in Spite of Some Veterans’ Groups:
World War II brought about a new deal for veterans. Humanities 35(4). Retrieved from:
https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2014/julyaugust/feature/how-the-gi-bill-became-law-in-spite-some-veterans-groups -
First Formation of the GI Bill
Harry W. Colmery of the American Legion holed up in Room 570 of Mayflower Hotel in Washington D.C. Integral part of bill getting passed.
Reference:
(n.a.) (n.d). Education and training: History and timeline. Retrieved from: http://www.benefits.va.gov/gibill/history.asp -
GI Bill Introduced to House
House approved their version of the bill.
Reference:
(n.a.) (n.d). Education and training: History and timeline. Retrieved from: http://www.benefits.va.gov/gibill/history.asp -
GI Bill Brought Before Senate
Senate approved its version of the GI Bill -
American Legion Lobbies Hard for GI Bill
Supporters included cosponsor John Rankin, a World War I veteran and Democrat from Mississippi, Edith Nourse Rogers, a Republican from Massachusetts. Senate, Bennett “Champ” Clark, a Democrat from Missouri, one of the founders of the Legion,Michigan’s Arthur Vandenberg, Arkansas’s Hattie Caraway, and Texas’s Tom Connally also signed on as sponsors
Callaghan, P. (2008). The road to a better GI bill. American Legion Magazine. Retrieved from: http://www.legion.org/education/911gibill -
Some American Legion Dissenters
Brother orgs. Veterans of Foreign Wars, the Military Order of the Purple Heart, the Disabled American Veterans, & the Regular Veterans Assoc. opposed GI Bill b/c they believed that the health of veterans suffering physical and psychological woulds should be nation's 1st responsibility, no education. Reference:Callaghan, P. (2008). The road to a better GI bill. American Legion Magazine. Retrieved from: http://www.legion.org/education/911gibill -
American Legion Drafts its Own Bill
called for a one-time "bonus" payment of up to $5K per soldier at an estimated cost of $25-30billion from federal gvt. High price knocked it out of running. -
Republicans Worried
Afraid the bill would lead to further expansion of federal gvt. Did not want another Great Depression and debated whether programs would encourage or discourage veterans from finding jobs. -
Senate Passes G.I. Bill /House debates for 2 months
Unanimous Pass in the Senate; House debated unemployment and education provisions for 2 months. Rankin, one of the original sponsors turns critic b/c of his racist/segregationist attitudes. Did not want African Americans to have same benefits as Whites -
House Passes Bill
Rankin outnumbered by members of rest of House Veterans committee. They banded together and defied him to get bill passed. Only needed one more vote from Representative John Gibson, who was not present due to illness.
Reference: Callaghan, P. (2008). The road to a better GI bill. The American Legion Magazine August 2008. Retrieved from: http://www.legion.org/education/911gibill. -
Normandy
Troops stormed the beaches of Normandy.
Reference:
Callaghan, P. (2008). The road to a better GI bill. The American Legion Magazine August 2008. Retrieved from: http://www.legion.org/education/911gibill. -
Got Gibson's vote
After tracking him down to his home in Georgia via a connection of telephone operators, flew him to Washington, D.C. and vote was cast in favor. -
FDR signs GI Bill into Law
GI Bill Becomes Official Law Title 2, Chapter 4 Section 400, Part VIII reveals the Education Benefits awarded to Veterans. Bill includes completely subsidized payments to educational institutions on behalf to veteran. Entire bill can be read here:
http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.easydb.angelo.edu/eds/detail/detail?sid=b346de5f-99cd-4a3c-985f-520945c792f5%40sessionmgr4008&vid=3&hid=4111&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=21212717&db=f5h -
GI Bill Signed into Law Continued...Specifics
Benefits available to every veteran upon his release from active service.
Rules were the same for everyone.
Only requirements: 90 days service/ honorable discharge.
Length of service was used to apply only to duration of educational benefits. Minimal bureaucratic red tape was imposed for the use of any benefit. Reference: http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080423213340eaifas0.8454951.html#ixzz4KfEpncgK -
Fly By Night Schools--Predators for G.I. Bill Funds
As early as the 1940s until today, unaccredited schools popped up everywhere wanting to take advantage of veterans and their federal grants from the G.I. Bill -
Immediate Effects of GI Bill
49% of enrolled students in 1947 were veterans
Reference: (n.a.) (n.d). Education and training: History and timeline. Retrieved from: http://www.benefits.va.gov/gibill/history.asp -
1950s Effects of GI Bill
In 1940, a total of about 160,000 people in the United States earned college degrees. Thanks to the bill, the graduating class of 1950 numbered nearly 500,000. Reference: (n.a.) ( April 8, 2008). The GI Bill of Rights. Retrieved from: http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080423213340eaifas0.8454951.html#ixzz4KfG8bdKa -
GI Bill Makes Education Primary Role in American Fabric
Most veterans going back to school were married with children, not teenagers. The GI Bill afforded opportunity for anyone regardless of age, race, sex, religious orientation to obtain a higher education. Reference: Reference: (n.a.) ( April 8, 2008). The GI Bill of Rights. Retrieved from: http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080423213340eaifas0.8454951.html#ixzz4KfG8bdKa -
World War II Statistics for Veteran Higher Education
2.2 million World War II veterans who attended college, another 3.5 million vets made use of vocational school opportunities, 1.5 million used it for on-the-job training, and 700,000 took farm training. Reference: Reference: (n.a.) ( April 8, 2008). The GI Bill of Rights. Retrieved from: http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080423213340eaifas0.8454951.html#ixzz4KfG8bdKa -
Birth of Public Universities
Prior to WWII, higher ed. in the U.S. was mostly private, liberal arts, small-college, rural, residential, elitist, and often discriminatory from institution to institution with respect to race and religion. Post WWII-today American universities are now overwhelmingly public (80% enrollments). Reference: (n.a.).( April 8, 2008). The GI Bill of Rights. Retrieved from: http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080423213340eaifas0.8454951.html#ixzz4KfG8bdKa -
Baby Boomers of 50s and 60s
Women no longer needed in factories. G.I.Bill allowed spouses to take advantage of benefits as well as skyrocketed home ownership. 64K out of 384,000 women veterans took advantage of G.I. Bill. for higher education
Marriage and birthrates skyrocketed as well. Home-role taken over by women Reference (n.a.) ( April 8, 2008). The GI Bill of Rights. Retrieved from: http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080423213340eaifas0.8454951.html#ixzz4KfG8bdKa -
Vietnam G.I. Bill
Program changed from Vietnam Era G.I. Bill (VEGIB) to Montgomery G.I. Bill (MGIB) in 1989.
Eligible members must have served on active duty after 31 January 1955, but before 1/1/77 & served on active duty for180+ continuous days.
1½ months of educational assistance for each month served on active duty, up to 45 months Reference: Vietnam Era G.I. Bill to Montgomery G.I. Bill. Retrieved from: http://www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/career/education/GIBill/Pages/VEGIB_MGIB.aspx -
GI Bill UPDATED to Montgomery GI Bill
Current G.I. Bill did not allow for meteoric rise in costs of college. G.I. Bill revamped in 1984 by Gillespie Montgomery, a Congressmen to include increases in college tuition. Reference: Reference: (n.a.) (n.d). Education and training: History and timeline. Retrieved from: http://www.benefits.va.gov/gibill/history.asp -
Montgomery GI Bill Provisions
Now include active reserves and national guard
Lengthened readjustment period to 15 years
Can transfer benefits to spouses and children
Length of service plays a part in how much you receive
Montgomery GI Bill benefit amounts are adjusted each year according to changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Reference: (n.a.)(2010). GI bill and military education. Retrieved from: http://www.militaryhub.com/education-gibill-montgomery -
Homeless Veterans
Bush Administration--300,000 homeless veterans in the United States p.83. Reference: Otlley, A. (2014). Empty promise: Black American veterans and the new GI bill. New Directions for Adult & Continuing Education Winter2014 (144), 79-88. -
Post 9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act
G.I. Bill amended again after 9/11. brought forth by Senator Jim Webb, D-VA By a vote of 92-6, the Senate approved the "Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act," which cleared the House by a 268-155 vote. Four days later, President Bush signed the bill into law.
Reference: Callaghan, P. (2008). The road to a better GI bill. The American Legion Magazine August 2008. Retrieved from: http://www.legion.org/education/911gibill. -
Post 9/11 Veterans Educational Assistant Act Provisions
Starting in August 2009, veterans who served in the military for at least three years will qualify for full tuition payments at any in-state public university in the country.
-- increases annual GI Bill benefits from $40K to a maximum of $90K Refrence: Callaghan, P. (2008). The road to a better GI bill. The American Legion Magazine August 2008. Retrieved from: http://www.legion.org/education/911gibill. -
State of Veterans in 2004 and beyond
Bush Admin. grossly underestimated amount of veterans needing care and in 2006 Congress had to pass an emergency $2.7 billion supplemental package for veterans’ health and education programs because the Bush administration’s budget had substantially underestimated the number of veterans needing care(p. 82) Reference:
Otlley, A. (2014). Empty promise: Black American veterans and the new GI bill. New Directions for Adult & Continuing Education Winter2014 (144), 79-88. -
Effects of Post 9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008
increase in likelihood of college enrollment for returning veterans is much higher today than after WWII
2.2 million of over 16 million WWII veterans attended college during the 12 year duration of the original GI Bill
more than 600,000 of 2mil. veterans were enrolled in college during the 2010-11 school year alone. (p. 581). Reference: Barr, A. (2015). From battlefield to the schoolyard. The Short-Term Impact of the Post-9/11 G. I. Bill. Journal of Human Resources, 50(3). 2015, p580-613. -
How Updated G.I. Bill Affected Recent Veterans
his study brings new evidence to understanding the effects of financial aid and, unlike most previous studies, how financial aid impacts the choices of older, nontraditional students.2These individuals, who are frequently from low-income backgrounds and among the first in their families to seriously consider college (p. 581). Reference: Barr, A. (2015). From battlefield to the schoolyard. The Short-Term Impact of the Post-9/11 G. I. Bill. Journal of Human Resources, 50(3). 2015, p580-613. -
How Updated G.I. Bill Affected Recent Veterans...Cont.
passed and implemented in roughly 13 months
little time for selection into the military to adjust to higher benefit levels, and enlistment delays make it unlikely that individuals who enlisted after the bill was announced could have returned and enrolled (p. 581-582). Reference: Barr, A. (2015). From battlefield to the schoolyard. The Short-Term Impact of the Post-9/11 G. I. Bill. Journal of Human Resources, 50(3). 2015, p580-613.
