-
-
-
-
General disarmament, freedom of navigation, free trade and an end to secret treaties.
CREATE THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Bulgaria had to pay reparations and armed forces limited to 20,000 men.
-Northern Macedonia went to Yugoslavia
-Western Thrace went to Greece
-Dobrudja went to Romania. -
-
-
Hungary was obliged to accept reparations and an upper limit on it's armed forces of 35,000 men.
-Slovakia and Romania went to Czechoslovakia
-Croatia and Slovenia went to Yugoslavia
-Transylvania went to Romania
-Burgenland went to Austria -
-Straits of the Dardanelles under the control of an International Commission and to be open to all countries' shipping
-Turkey lost all rights to the Sudan and Libya; had to recognise French Morocco and Tunis, Bitish Egypt and Cyprus
-Saudi Arabia and Armenia became independent.
-Syria, Iraq and Palestine became League mandates, administered by Britain and France
-Greece received some Turkish Aegean islands and Eastern Thrace, administered area around Smyrna
-Kurdistan became autonomous -
The League resolved the dipute between Sweden and Finland. The League awarded the islands to Finland.
-
-
-
-
-
Upper Silesia was partitioned between Poland and Germany. The League council drew up aline for the border between Poland and Germany and provided free movement across the border so that Upper Silesia's integrity as an economic unit would be preserved. Neither Germany, nor Poland, were satisfied with this decision but they did sign an agreement accepting it in May 1922.
-
-
Four-Power Treaty (USA, Britain, France, Japan)
-end Anglo-Japanese alliance
-recognise each other's possessions in the Pacific and attempt to reach a diplomatic solutions. Five Power Treaty (USA, Britain, Japan, France, Italy)
-total tonnage ratio in capital warships fixed 5:5:3:1.75:1.75
-10 year "building holiday" on capital ships
-USA and Britain agreed not to construct new fortresses or naval bases in the western Pacific. -
Nine-Power Treaty (USA, Britain, France, Japan, Italy, Belgium, China, Netherlands, Portugal)
-respect China's sovereignty
-"Open Door" allowed all countries equal trading rights in China
-Discuss problems of common interest. -
-
-
-
-
The Treaty of Versailles had taken away from Germany the port of Memel, which had a mainly German-speaking population.Memel's status had notbeen determined at Versailles and teh Allies administerd it, anticipating that it would eventually be handed over to Lithuania. However, Lithuania, losing patience, occupied it in 1923.
-
France and Belgium took troops into the Ruhr as the German government asked for a postponement of payments. The Ruhr produced 80% of Germany's steel and 70% of it's coal. French motives were to extract what was due to them but also to see if there was a possibility of working towards the achievement of an independent Rhineland.
-
-
Italian troops occupied Corfu after the muder of an Italian general by Greek bandits. Mussolini sought to bully Greece into paying compensation to Italy.
-
-
-
- Germany was to receive initial loans of $200 million from the USA and other foreign countries
- The Dawes Plan did not alter the total amount of reparations to be paid by Germany, it just resceduled them.
- Specific German taxes and bonds were identified and earmarked to ensure that Germany paid her installments of reparations.
- A Reparations Agency was established to supervise the new agreement.
- The French promised Germany that they would evacuate the Ruhr within a year.
-
-
-
Terms:
1. Belgium, France and Germany accepted the western borders of Germany, including the demilitarisation of the Rhineland.
2. Britain and Italy acted as guarantors of the Franco-German-Belgium borders in the west.
3. "Alleged" breaches of teh Franco-German-Belgium borders in the west were to be referred to the League of Nations.
4. Germany and France agreed to sign arbitration treaties with Poland and Czech., agreeing to settle disputes peacefully.
5. Germany should enter League of Nations. -
The USSR and Germany promised each other that they would remain neutral in the event of either being attacked by a third power.
-
-
-
-
Briand (French Foreign Minister) proposed a treaty with the USA outlawing war between France and the USA. Kellogg (US Secretary of State) suggested that all countres be invited to sign a pact in which they renounced war.. 15 countries signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact. Terms: The signatories agreed to "renounce war as an instrument of national policy", reserving the right to defend themselves against external aggression. By 1933, 65 countries, including the USSR, had signed the Pact.
-
Young Plan:
1. reparationcost reduced from 132 billion gold marks to 121 billion gold marks.
2. Germany was to pay an annual sum until 1988
3. Germany was to initially pay 1.7 bilion marks each year, increasing, gradually, to 2.4 billion marks by 1966. Payments in the first 10 years would be lower than under teh schedule laid down by the Dawes Plan.
4. The Reparations Agency was abolished.
5. Another foreign loan to Germany of $300 million was agreed.
6. Demilitarisation of the Rhineland. -
The Great Depression dislocated the internatoinal economic system and created huge unemployment and social distress.
Impact on US foreign policy: America had withdrawn into isolationism in the 1920's following the Senate's failure to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. The Great Depression led to US politicians withdrawing even further from international collaboration and to putting US economic intersts before all else. -
The Great Depression dislocated the internatoinal economic system and created huge unemployment and social distress.
Impact on Germany: Economic recovery in the mid-1920's was very fragile and highly dependent on the continuation of US loans. Resulted in collapse of Weimar Republic and the rise of Hitler, with his attendant aggressive foreign policy. -
The Great Depression dislocated the internatoinal economic system and created huge unemployment and social distress.
Impact on Italy: Unemployment in Italy rose and living conditions of most ordinary Italians fell. The government obliged industrial workers to accept wage cuts in 1930 and 34, whilst the agricultural wages dropped by beetween 20 to 40% during teh 1930's. Lead to Mussolini's increasingly aggressive foreign policy in the 1930's. -
The Great Depression dislocated the internatoinal economic system and created huge unemployment and social distress.
Impact on Britain: British government followed a policy of appeasement in the 1930's. A strong current of pacifism was evident in Britain -
The Great Depression dislocated the internatoinal economic system and created huge unemployment and social distress.
Impact on France: The Great Depression made France's leaders much less incined to stand up to Hitler's violations of the Treaty of Versailles in the mid and late 1930's. French preoccupation with bringing down unemployment and reviving the economic output took priority over rearmament. -
The Great Depression dislocated the internatoinal economic system and created huge unemployment and social distress.
Impact on Japan: The Wall St. Crash created an unprecedented economic crisis in Japan, which led to a dramatic change in Japanese foreign policy, and, to an increasingly authoritarian style of politics that involved the undermining of Japan's parliamentary system and the groing political influence of Japan's armed forces. -
Sought to extend both the duration and terms of the Washinton Naval Treaties 1922. The USA and Britain were particularly looking to prevent a naval race but establishing limitations on cruisers and submarines. All five powers approved the extension of the Washington Naval Treaty's moratorium (freeze) on building capital ships for a further 5 years. France and Italy refused tosign any lagreements on imitations on cruisers an destroyers. USA:Britain:Japan 10:10:7 light cruisers and 10:10:6 heavy
-
-
Hoover proposed a one-year moratorium (freeze) on all war debt and reparation payments.
-
The Japanese Army (Kwantung Army) in Manchuria blew up part of South Manchurian railway hilst blaming it on the Chinese. They then occupied much of Manchuria.
-
Underlying issue and obstacle to agreement at Geneva was the balance of military forces between France and Germany. The German governent wanted to have an army equal to France's (either Germany rearms or France disarms) but France wouldn't accept either scenario (Germany had a larger population and industrial capacity, therefore a threat).
-
At Lausanne, it was decided to suspend reparation payments for 3 years and to reduce Germany's reparations bill to a final payment of just 3 billion marks.
-
-
-recommended that Manchuria should be an autonomous state but remain under Chinese sovereignty
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Italy picked a quarrel with Abyssinia after a small military clash at Wal-Wal
-
-
-
-
-
-agreed to take co-ordinated action aagainst any country unilaterally violating existing treaties
-
-
-
Britain angered France and Italy by signing the Anglo-German Naval Convention, allowing Germany to have a navy with a tonnage of 35% of Britain's.
-
-sales of arms, rubber and certain metals to Italy banned
-loans to Italy were banned
-most Italian imports were banned -
Hoare (Britain) and Laval (France) secretly agreed to allow Italy to have 2/3 of Abyssinia and Selassie (Abyssinia) be compensated elsewhere.Proposed pact leaked out and public outcry in France and Britain.
-
The naval limitations laid down at the Washington Naval Treaty 1922 and the London Naval Treaty 1930 were due to expire in 1936 . However, Japan insisted on parity (equality) with the USA and Britian in terms of ratios of fleets and walked out of the conference when the USA and Britain refused to cenede this.
-
-
Hitler felt that he could remilitarise as the Stresa Front had collapsed and the international community was preoccupied with the Abyssinia crisis.
-
-
-
-
-