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RELIGION: Great Migration
20,000 Puritans settled in parts of New England, such as Massachusetts Bay from less welcoming colonies. -
RELIGION: Antinomianism and Anne Hutchinson
Antinomianism: Movement which emphasizes God's grace and salvation rather than how to achieve these virtues. Anne Hutchinson was also associated with this movement and was a large preacher of the movement. -
RELIGION: Halfway Covenant
Puritan idea, granted the baptized children of church members a 'halfway' membership to the Church. Made participating in the faith easier. -
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RELIGION: First Great Awakening
Protestant movement led by many preachers, namely Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. The movement emphasized the ideas that all Protestant denominations are valid and made religion more widespread across the US. Jonathan Edwards preached 'Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,' which contained many key points in the beginning of New England's Great Awakening. -
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RELIGION: Second Great Awakening
The Second Great Awakening fought the perceived moral failures of society and charged Americans to help others reach salvation. The Second Great Awakening included sermons which used kinder and softer language than previously. Rather than portraying an angry, vengeful God, the Second Great Awakening painted God as a benevolent and compassionate ruler who only wanted the salvation of every man. -
RELIGION: American Temperance Society
Was established in 1826. Within five years there were 2,220 local chapters in the U.S. with 170,000 members who had taken a pledge to stop drinking alcohol. This was the first national organization to protest the abuse of alcohol that was taking place. This act would eventually get passed from 1920-1933 as prohibition. -
LABOR: Mollie Maguires
Group of Irish immigrant workers who escaped the potato famine in Ireland by immigrating to the United States. They, however, were not granted equal rights and joined together in the Mollie Maguires for solidarity and strength and numbers -
LABOR: Knights of Labor
Founded in 1869 in Philadelphia but popularized in 1878. Wanted to set up a system in working conditions that would lead to a cooperative commonwealth. However, they later split to focus on education. -
RELIGION: Rev. Billy Sunday
Billy Sunday was a Protestant fundamentalist who became known in the 1870's and later. Sunday was opposed to the majoirty of "Socialist" ideals, other than child labor laws and women's rights. His nativist and anti-radicalism views were to gain much popularity in American politics after World War I. -
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RELIGION: Social Gospel
Protestant ministers led a reform movement and used religious doctrines to claim that the poor should live better and demand better housing. This movement was often related with the settlement house movement, which allowed middle class Protestant volunteer to directly help immigrants and working people. -
LABOR: Great Railroad Strike
After wage cuts on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, there was a large and violent strike of railroad workers in which many houses were torched. Rutherford B. Hayes had to send in troops to eventually end the strike, after 100 people had died. -
LABOR: American Federation of Labor
(1886-1995), Formed by Samuel Gompers, and was one of the most powerful unions at the time. Focused on smaller issues and was able to achieve feats such as shorter work days and higher pay. In 1955 it merged with another union, the Confederation of Industrial Organizations. -
LABOR: Haymarket Riot
Riot that took place in Chicago’s Haymarket Square and protested the killings of two workers. This strike turned into a violent riot someone threw a bomb, which ended up causing the death of seven policemen. The culprit was never found, but the event was blamed on ‘radicalism’ and harmed the public’s view of the Knights of Labor. -
LABOR: Sherman anti-trust act
Written by John Sherman, prohibits trusts and business monopolies. Lowered concerns over the control of big business over the treatment of workers and the widening wage gap. -
LABOR: Homestead Strike
After the Homestead Works in Pittsburgh cut wages by around 20%, violent strikes ensued in wha twas the largest craft union of the time. Showed the large strength of American workers. -
LABOR: Anthracite Coal Strike
Coal strike organized by the United Mine Workers of America. This strike was for the recognition of their union, as well as shorter hours and more pay. The strike had much leverage, as it threatened to shut down coal production which was helping fuel many major American cities. The strike was successful, as the miners gained a 10% wage increase and reduced their hours. -
LABOR: Industrial Workers of the World
“worker-led union dedicated to direct action, workplace democracy, and industrial unionism” (iww.org) -
LABOR: Clayton anti-trust act
Defined illegal actions which would lead to monopolies or result from them. Provided more specific provisions than the Sherman anti-trust act. This act allowed the US to more specifically enforce anti-trust laws. -
LABOR: Congress of Industrial Organizations
Organization led by John Lewis known for bringing together unskilled workers in solidarity to spark change. They became known for their “sit down strikes” and helped to pass the Fair Labor Standard Act. -
LABOR: Wagner Act
Signed by FDR; allowed private sector employees to organize strikes and participate in trades/bargains. Made unionizing easier and guaranteed the rights of such workers. -
LABOR: Taft-Hartly Act
Passed over veto from Truman after many major strikes during the time. The act prohibits closed shops and other activities and power of labor unions. It required labor union leaders to take a non-communist oath and held labor unions accountable for damages which they caused. -
RELIGION: Billy Grahm
An Evangelist fundamentalism preacher who gained a wide following in the 1950s due to his widespread appearance throughout the country (during/after the war). He would appear at religious rallies which allowed people to connect with and appreciate religion even more, making his sermons extremely popular. -
RELIGION: Moral Majority
Formed in 1979 by Jerry Falwell to promote traditional Christian values. This group opposed many more liberal ideas, such as feminism, abortion, and gay rights. The group largely aided to the growth of the religious right of the 1980s. -
LABOR: - Air Traffic Controllers Strike of 1981
PATCO (Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization) formed a strike to protest working conditions and wages. Reagan ordered all of the workers to return to work in 48 hours at the expense of being fired, and all 11,000 of them did not return to their jobs. They were then fired and banned from being federal employees for life.