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Conservatism was heavily influenced by Edmund Burke, who published Reflections on the Revolution in France, and Joseph de Maistre. They believed in hereditary monarchies, in the idea that each generation is responsible for preserving and transmitting culture to the next, and in revolution through nonviolent means. -
Ludwig van Beethoven felt that music should reflect inner feelings. He wrote his third symphony for Napoleon. Its rhythms represent dramatic struggles and uplifting resolutions. -
Spanish authority in the Western Hemisphere was weakened when Napoleon overthrew the Spanish Bourbon monarch. South American countries rapidly revolted and gained their independence, starting with Argentina. -
The Quadruple Alliance of Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia agreed to stay allied. Their goal was preserve peace and restore the Bourbons to the French throne. -
Louis XVIII accepted the Napoleonic Code. This established a bicameral legislature with equality under the law. -
Ferdinand VII was restored to the throne. He battled the Cortes and tore up the Constitution, prompting angry officers and merchants to overthrow him. -
Britain was governed by the landowning elite and voting was only for landowning gentry. They benefited landowners with laws such as the Corn Act, which placed heavy tariffs on foreign grain. -
Economic liberalists believed government should be uninvolved in the economy. David Ricardo's book, Principles of Political Economy, described the "iron law of wages," which was a cycle that the government only perpetuated with their involvement. -
The Quadruple Alliance agreed to meet periodically to discuss issues and take unified action. They became the Quintuple Alliance when they lifted the occupation of France at Aix-la-Chapelle. -
The industrial middle class began gaining power in Britain and pushing against the ruling Tory political party. At one demonstration in Peterloo, troops attacked a crowd of protesters, killing 11. -
Metternich wrote the Karlsbad Decrees in response to growing liberalism in Prussia. These decrees closed the Burschenshaften, censored the press, and placed universities under a close watch. -
The Principle of Intervention was the decision that Great European powers had the right to send in armies to restore legitimate monarchs. Britain did not agree. At Laibach, Austria, Russia, and Prussia authorized Austria to invade Naples. -
Charles X succeeded Louis XVIII. He encouraged the Catholic Church to return to French education and indemnified nobles that had lost land in the Revolution. -
Nicholas succeeded the enlightened monarch Alexander I. He was crushed in a rebellion, which led him to become even more conservative. -
The Principle of Intervention could also be used to support revolutions. The major European powers feared the Ottoman Empire, and aided Greece in gaining independence from the Ottomans. -
Catholic Belgium and Protestant Netherlands had never truly merged. When Belgians revolted, European powers recognized their independence. -
Eugene Delacroix employed theatricality and movement, as well as bright, symbolic colors. One of his most famous pieces is Liberty Leading the People, a depiction of the French Revolution. -
This Act in Britain recognized the change the Industrial Revolution had brought. It favored the upper middle class, but brought new representation to others. -
Charles Fourier proposed small, model communities called phalansteries. People would live and work together for everyone's benefit. -
Flora Tristan combined socialism and feminism. She saw absolute equality as the only hope for women. -
This served two purposes. One was to lower the price of bread for commoners, the other was to reinforce free trade. -
Robert Owen was a British cotton manufacturer. He set up a successful self-contained community in New Lanark, Scotland, and a failed one in New Harmony, Indiana. -
Political liberalism is the idea that individual freedoms should be protected. In his book On Liberty, John Stuart Mill said that freedom of opinion should be protected from the government. -
John Stuart Mill also published On the Subjection of Women. In this book, he supported women's rights and claimed that subordination to another sex is wrong. -
Louis Blanc published The Organization of Work. He claimed that social problems could be solved with government assistance.