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Period: 3300 BCE to 475
Antiquity
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Period: 800 BCE to 146 BCE
Ancient Greek music
The foundations of western music come from the ancient Greek civilisation. Music was closely linked to many things like poetry or theatrical performances -
100
Seikilos epitaph
The Seikilos epitaph is an Ancient Greek inscription that preserves the oldest surviving complete musical composition, including musical notation. -
Period: 476 to 1453
The Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages, music was strongly linked with religion and was performed by the clergy. Musical notation arose in the Middle ages with the "neumes", to help monks remember the melody. Neumes consisted of straight and curved lines that outlined the melodic design of the composition.
Through the Middle Ages, neumes evolved into clearer, square-shaped signs that indicated the pitch of sounds. -
750
Gregorian chant
The Gregorian chant was a religous monody.
The purpose of the song was to teach the word of God to the faithful. The rhythm of the song is free, since it depends on the text. -
1025
Guizo d'Arezzo (992 – 1050)
He established a name for each note of the scale, based on the first syllable of each verse of the hymn dedicated to Saint John the Baptist.
He originated the current musical writing establishing the position of each note in four horizontal parallel lines, that make the tetragram. -
1098
Hildegard von Bingen (1098-1179)
Hildegard von Bingen (1098-17th September 1179) was a German Benedictine abbess and polymath active as a writer, composer, philosopher, mystic, visionary, and as a medical writer and practitioner during the High Middle Ages. She is one of the best-known composers of sacred monophony, as well as the most recorded in modern history. -
Period: 1101 to 1300
Ars Antiqua
Ars antiqua is a term used by modern scholars to refer to the Medieval music of Europe during the High Middle Ages. During the Ars Antiqua, the first polyphonic form was developed: the organum. It's main composers, from the Notre Dame school, were Leonin and Perotin.
Other forms of Ars Antiqua were the conductus and the motet. -
1130
Bernart de Ventadorn (1130-1190)
Bernart de Ventadorn (1130-1190) was a French poet-composer troubadour of the High Middle Ages. His 18 extant melodies of 45 known poems in total are the most to survive from any 12th-century troubadour.
Bernart is often credited with being the most important influence on the development of the trouvère tradition in northern France, since he was well known there, his melodies were widely circulated, and the early composers of trouvère music seem to have imitated him. -
1135
Léonin (1135-1201)
Léonin (1135-1201) was the first known significant composer of polyphonic organum. He was the earliest member of the Notre Dame school of polyphony and the ars antiqua style who is known by name. -
1155
Pérotin (1155-1230)
Pérotin (1155-1230) was a composer associated with the Notre Dame school of polyphony in Paris and the broader ars antiqua musical style of high medieval music. -
Nov 23, 1221
Alfonso X el Sabio (1221–1284)
Alfonso X el Sabio (23rd November 1221 – 4th April 1284) was King of Castile, León and Galicia from 1 June 1252 until his death in 1284. During his reign, he was an important pioneer in the foundations of the Toledo school of translators and he was associated with the "Cantigas de Santa Maria" -
1300
Guillaume de Machaut (1300-1377)
Guillaume de Machaut (1300-1377) was a Medieval French poet and composer. He was the most important composer of the 14th century.
Machaut wrote many motets and the secular songs and was one of the most representative figures of Ars Nova. -
Period: 1301 to 1420
Ars Nova
In the Ars Nova, polyphony is perfected and acquires greater rhythmic and melodic complexity.
The most widely used form is the motet, but now it's more complex, both at a rhythmic and melodic level and, in many cases, simultaneously uses religious and secular texts. Other forms of Ars Nova were the canon, the ballad or the chanson. -
1330
Francesco Landini (1330-1397)
Francesco Landini (1330-2nd September 1397) was an Italian composer, poet, organist, singer and instrument maker who was the most important composer of the Italian Trescento style.
He was one of the most representative figures of Ars Nova. -
Period: 1377 to 1420
Ars subtilior
Ars subtilior was a late 14th to early 15th-century musical style known for its complexity in rhythm, notation, and harmony. It emerged after Ars Nova and it was characterized by the complex musical notation. -
Period: 1401 to
The Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries. It was characterized by an effort to revive and surpass the ideas and achievements of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
During this period, humanism developed.
Even though the Renaissance was an effort to revive the ideas of the ancient Greeks and Romans, there weren't any references, so the Renaissance composers made a new style but it was based on medieval music. -
Period: 1401 to 1500
The Franco-Flemish school
The name of this school is due to a region that is part of Belgium.
The main features of this school were:
The use of the polyphony: usually 4 voices without instrumental accompaniment.
The use of imitation: some voices repeat or imitate others. This is called counterpoint.
There is balance between the voices: no voice stands out. -
1406
Johannes Gutenberg (1406-1468)
Johannes Gutenberg (1406-3 February 1468) was a German inventor and craftsman who invented the movable-type printing press. -
Period: 1454 to
The Modern Era
The Modern Era was the age that covered history from the end of the Middle Ages to the French revolution. -
Jul 12, 1468
Juan del Encina (1468-1529)
Juan del Encina (12 July 1468-1529) was a poet, priest and a composer of the renaissance. He was the most outstanding composer of secular music in the Spanish school. -
Nov 10, 1483
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Martin Luther (10 November 1483–18 February 1546) was a German priest and the main promoter of the Protestant Reformation. The result was the separation of his followers, the Protestants, from the Catholic Church. His reforms brought a series of changes that affected music, like the use of german in the songs or the creation of the chorale. -
1500
Cristóbal de Morales (1500-1553)
Cristóbal de Morales (1500-7 October 1553) was a Spanish composer of the Renaissance. He was very important and his music was religious and vocal. -
Period: 1501 to
The Italian school
Rome and Venice were the two most important musical centres in Europe.
The music of Rome was influenced by the demands of the Council of Trent. The compositions were exclusively religious and the style was sober, simple and clear.
The music in Venice was characterized by polychorality. -
Mar 30, 1510
Antonio de Cabezón (1510 – 1566)
Antonio de Cabezón (30 March 1510 – 26 March 1566) was a Spanish Renaissance composer and organist. He was blind and he was one of the most important composers of his time. -
Period: 1516 to
The Spanish school
The Renaissance is considered the most brilliant stage of Spanish music.
Spanish music was dominated by the spirit of the Counter-Reformation (the compositions were austere and very expressive, and stand out for their simplicity)
There was also secular music. -
Feb 3, 1525
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525-1594)
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (3 February 1525-2 February 1594) was an Italian composer in the Renaissance. He was one of the main composers of religious music in the Renaissance and his music was influenced by the demands of the Council of Trent. -
1532
Orlando di Lasso (1532-1594)
Orlando di Lasso (1532 – 14 June 1594) was a composer of the Renaissance. He was one of the main composers of religious music and his music was also influenced by the demands of the Council of Trent. -
1532
Andrea Gabrieli (1532-1585)
Andrea Gabrieli (1532-August 30, 1585) was an Italian composer and organist of the Renaissance. Andrea was in the Italian school, in Venice and his works include lots of motets and madrigals. -
1544
Maddalena Casulana (1544-1590)
Maddalena Casulana (1544-1590) was an Italian composer and singer of the Renaissance. She wrote madrigals but extremely little is known about her life. -
1548
Tomás Luis de Victoria (1548-1611)
Tomás Luis de Victoria (1548-27 August 1611) was the most famous Spanish composer of the Renaissance. He was one of the most outstanding composers of religious music and he studied in Italy, where he met Palestrina, whose influence can be seen in his works. -
1557
Giovanni Gabrieli (1557-1612)
Giovanni Gabrieli (1557 – 12 August 1612) was an Italian composer and organist. He was one of the most influential musicians of his time and was the nephew of Andrea Gabrieli. -
1566
Carlo Gesualdo (1566-1613)
Carlo Gesualdo (March 1566-8 September 1613) was an Italian nobleman and composer. He is known for writing madrigals and pieces of religious music. -
May 5, 1567
Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643)
Claudio Monteverdi (5 May 1567–29 November 1643) was an Italian composer of both secular and sacred music, and he was the most representative composer of Italian Baroque opera in the 16th century.
His most important works include "La favole d'Orfeo" and "L'incoronazione di Poppea", both inspired by Greek mythology. -
Period: to
The Baroque
The Baroque is an artistic period that was developed in the 17th and the first half of the 18th century.
In the courts of Europe, music became the protagonist of major social events.
The characteristics or the Baroque music are:
-Basso continuo technique: The use of a bass line upon which the chords are interpreted.
-Accompanied melody: One voice or instrument performs the main melody, while others provide the accompaniment.
-Use of contrasts: Contrasts are present in all elements of music. -
Giacomo Carissimi (1605-1674)
Giacomo Carissimi (18 April 1605–12 January 1674) was an Italian composer and music teacher.
Carissimi established the characteristic features of the oratorio and was also a composer of masses, motets, and cantatas.
He was the first great composer of oratorios and his most important work is Jephte. -
Barbara Strozzi (1619-1677)
Barbara Strozzi (6 August 1619–11 November 1677) was an Italian composer and singer of the Baroque Period. She was known for her vocal music and she composed solo songs, cantatas, and madrigals. Despite the challenges she faced as a female composer, Strozzi's music remains celebrated for its artistic merit and unique voice. -
Stradivarius
Stradivarius is a term often used to refer to Antonio Stradivari's (1644 – 18 December 1737) instruments.
Antonio Stradivari was an Italian luthier and a craftsman of string instruments such as violins, cellos, guitars, violas and harps.
Around 650 Stradivarius instruments survive, including 450 to 512 violins. His instruments are considered some of the finest ever made, and are extremely valuable collector's items. -
Henry Purcell (1659-1695)
Henry Purcell (10 September 1659-21 November 1695) was an English composer of Baroque music.
He created many operas and he is generally considered among the greatest English opera composers. -
Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)
Antonio Vivaldi (4 March 1678 - 28 July 1741) was an Italian composer in the Baroque. His most famous works are the set of violin concertos "The Four Seasons", which showcase his mastery of composition and musical innovation.
He composed operas, concertos and sacred music.
His music fell into obscurity after his death, but it experienced a revival in the 20th century and now it's admired for its beauty and originality. -
Georg Philipp Telemann (1681-1767)
Georg Philipp Telemann (24 March 1681–25 June 1767) was a German Baroque composer and he was one of the most prominent composers of cantatas in the Baroque. He was a close friend of Johann Sebastian Bach. -
Georg Friedrich Händel
Georg Friedrich Händel (23 February 1685 – 14 April 1759) was a German-British Baroque composer well-known for his operas, oratorios, and instrumental music.
His most famous work is the oratorio Messiah, which includes the renowned chorus Hallelujah. -
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)
Johann Sebastian Bach (31 March 1685 – 28 July 1750) was a German composer and musician of the Baroque. He is known for his variety in instruments, including orchestral music such as the Brandenburg Concertos; solo instrumental works such as the cello suites and sonatas and partitas for solo violin; keyboard works such as the Goldberg Variations and The Well-Tempered Clavier; organ works such as the Schubler Chorales and the Toccata and Fugue in D minor; and more. -
Christoph Willibald Gluck (1714-1787)
Christoph Willibald Gluck (2 July 1714 – 15 November 1787) was a composer of Italian and French opera in the classicism. He was born in the Upper Palatinate and raised in Bohemia.
He gained prominence at the Habsburg court at Vienna. -
Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)
Franz Joseph Haydn (31 March 1732-31 May 1809) was an Austrian composer of the Classical period. He was very important in the development of chamber music. He was born in Rohrau, Austria but he went to london in 1791. -
Period: to
Classicism
Classicism is the artistic period that spans the second half of the 16th century to the early decades of the 19th century. -
Nannerl Mozart (1751-1829)
Nannerl Mozart (Maria Anna Mozart) (Salzburg, 30 July 1751 - 29 October 1829, Salzburg) was a highly regarded musician. In her childhood, she made tremendous progress as a keyboard player to the point that she went touring much of Europe with her parents and her younger brother Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. At age 17, her career as a touring musician was discontinued by her father, though she continued to work at home teaching piano. -
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 1756 – 5 December 1791) was an important composer of the Classical period. Despite his short life, his rapid pace of composition and proficiency from an early age resulted in more than 800 works. Mozart is widely regarded as one of the greatest composers in the history of Western music. -
Maria Theresia von Paradis (1759-1824)
Maria Theresia von Paradis (May 15th, 1759-February 1st, 1824) was an Austrian musician and composer who lost her sight at an early age. She was the daughter of Joseph Anton von Paradis and she received a broad education in the musical arts.
One of her most important works is the Sicilienne in E-flat major for violin and piano. -
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)
Ludwig van Beethoven ( Bonn, 17 December 1770 - Vienna, 26 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. He is one of the most revered figures in the history of Western music. His works span the transition from the Classical period to the Romantic era in classical music. -
Gioachino Rossini (1792-1868)
Gioachino Rossini (29 February 1792-13 November 1868) was an Italian composer who was born in Pesaro, Italy and he gained fame for his 39 operas, although he also wrote many songs, some chamber music and piano pieces and some sacred music. -
Franz Schubert (1797-1828)
Franz Schubert (31 January 1797-19 November 1828) was an Austrian composer of the late Classical and early Romantic period. He had a short life but he composed over 600 songs, 7 complete symphonies and many piano music and chamber music. His major works include Erlkönig, Gretchen am Spinnrade, and Ave Maria. -
Hector Berlioz (1803-1869)
Hector Berlioz (11 December 1803-8 March 1869) was a French Romantic composer and conductor. His works includes orchestral works such as the Symphonie fantastique and Harold in Italy, choral pieces including the Requiem and L'Enfance du Christ, his three operas Benvenuto Cellini, Les Troyens and Béatrice et Bénédict, and works of hybrid genres such as the "dramatic symphony" Roméo et Juliette and the "dramatic legend" La Damnation de Faust. -
Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847)
Felix Mendelssohn (3 February 1809-4 November 1847) was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period. Mendelssohn's compositions include symphonies, concertos, piano music, organ music and chamber music. -
Frédéric Chopin (1810-1849)
Frédéric Chopin (1 March 1810-17 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic period, who wrote primarily for solo piano. Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola and grew up in Warsaw. At 21, he settled in Paris. All of Chopin's compositions feature the piano. Most are for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, some chamber music, and 19 songs set to Polish lyrics. -
Robert Schumann (1810-1856)
Robert Schumann (8 June 1810-29 July 1856) was a German composer and pianist of the early Romantic period who was born in Zwickau. He composed in all the main musical genres of the time and his most important works include Carnaval, Kreisleriana, Kinderszenen, Piano Concerto In A Minor, Op. 54... -
Franz Liszt (1811-1886)
Franz Liszt (22 October 1811 – 31 July 1886) was a Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist, conductor and teacher of the Romantic period. He is considered to be one of the most influential composers of his era, and his piano works continue to be widely performed and recorded. -
Richard Wagner (1813-1883)
Richard Wagner (22 May 1813-13 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director and conductor who is mainly known for his operas. Unlike most opera composers, Wagner wrote both the libretto and the music for each of his stage works. Wagner's compositions are notable for their complex textures, rich harmonies and orchestration, and the elaborate use of leitmotifs. -
Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)
Giuseppe Verdi (10 October 1813-27 January 1901) was an Italian composer best known for his operas. He was born near Busseto, a small town in Italy. He received musical education with the help of a local patron, Antonio Barezzi. Some of his most famous works are La Forza Del Destino or Aida. -
Clara Schumann (1819-1896)
Clara Schumann (13 September 1819-20 May 1896) was a German pianist, composer, and piano teacher. She was regarded as one of the most distinguished pianists of the Romantic era. She changed the format of the piano recital by lessening the importance of purely virtuosic works. She also composed solo piano pieces, a Piano Concerto, chamber music, choral pieces, and songs. -
Bedřich Smetana (1824-1884)
Bedřich Smetana (2 March 1824-12 May 1884) was a Czech composer who pioneered the development of a musical style that became closely identified with his people's aspirations to a cultural and political "revival". In Czechia, he has been regarded as the father of Czech music. He is best known for his 1866 opera The Bartered Bride and for the symphonic cycle Má vlast. -
Johannes Brahms (1833-1897)
Johannes Brahms (7 May 1833-3 April 1897) was a German composer, pianist and conductor in the Romantic period. He was born in Hamburg and he toured Central Europe as a pianist in his adulthood. Brahms's major works are for orchestra, including four symphonies, two piano concertos a Violin Concerto, a Double Concerto for violin and cello, and the Academic Festival and Tragic Overtures. -
Modest Músorgski (1839-1881)
Modest Músorgski (21 March 1839-28 March 1881) was a Russian composer. He was an innovator of Russian music in the Romantic period and strove to achieve a uniquely Russian musical identity. Many of Mussorgsky's works were inspired by Russian history, Russian folklore, and other national themes. Such works include the opera Boris Godunov, the orchestral tone poem Night on Bald Mountain and the piano suite Pictures at an Exhibition. -
Piotr Ilich Chaikovski (1840-1893)
Piotr Ilich Chaikovski (7 May 1840 – 6 November 1893) was a Russian composer during the Romantic period. He was the first Russian composer whose music made a lasting impression internationally. His works include the ballets Swan Lake and The Nutcracker, the 1812 Overture, his First Piano Concerto, Violin Concerto, the Romeo and Juliet Overture-Fantasy, several symphonies, and the opera Eugene Onegin. -
Antonín Dvořák (1841-1904)
Antonín Dvořák (8 September 1841-1 May 1904) was a Czech composer. Dvořák displayed his musical gifts at an early age, being a talented violin student. The first public performances of his works were in Prague in 1872 and, with special success, in 1873, when he was 31 years old. Seeking recognition beyond the Prague area, he submitted scores of symphonies and other works to German and Austrian competitions but he did not win a prize until 1874. -
Edvard Grieg (1843-1907)
Edvard Grieg (15 June 1843-4 September 1907) was a Norwegian composer and pianist. He is widely considered one of the leading Romantic era composers, and his music is part of the standard classical repertoire worldwide. His use of Norwegian folk music in his own compositions brought the music of Norway to fame, as well as helping to develop a national identity. -
Nikolái Rimski-Kórsakov (1844-1908)
Nikolái Rimski-Kórsakov (18 March 1844-21 June 1908) was a Russian composer. He was a master of orchestration. His best-known orchestral compositions Capriccio Espagnol, the Russian Easter Festival Overture, and the symphonic suite Scheherazade are staples of the classical music repertoire, along with suites and excerpts from some of his fifteen operas. -
Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924)
Giacomo Puccini (22 December 1858-29 November 1924) was an Italian composer mainly known for his operas. He was the descendant of a long line of composers, originating in the late Baroque era. His most renowned works are La bohème (1896), Tosca (1900), Madama Butterfly (1904), and the unfinished Turandot -
Hugo Wolf (1860-1903)
Hugo Wolf (13 March 1860-22 February 1903) was an Austrian composer of the late Romantic period who was particularly noted for his lied songs. Depression frequently interrupted his creative periods, and his last composition was written in 1898. -
Gustav Mahler (1860-1911)
Gustav Mahler (7 July 1860-18 May 1911) was a composer, and one of the leading conductors of his generation. He was born in Bohemia. After 1945, his compositions were rediscovered by a new generation of listeners and Mahler then became one of the most frequently performed and recorded of all composers, a position he has sustained into the 21st century. -
Claude Debussy (1862-1918)
Claude Debussy (22 August 1862 – 25 March 1918) was a French composer. He was among the most influential composers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Debussy's orchestral works include Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune (1894), Nocturnes (1897–1899) and Images (1905–1912). -
Jean Sibelius (1865-1957)
Jean Sibelius (8 December 1865-20 September 1957) was a Finnish composer of the late Romantic period.
He is widely regarded as his country's greatest composer, and his music is often credited with having helped Finland develop a stronger national identity. His most important works are his set of seven symphonies, Finlandia, the Karelia Suite, Valse triste, the Violin Concerto, the choral symphony Kullervo, and The Swan of Tuonela. -
Arnold Schönberg (1874-1951)
Arnold Schönberg (13 September 1874-13 July 1951) was an Austrian and American composer, music theorist, teacher and writer. He was among the first modernists who transformed the practice of harmony in 20th-century classical music, and a central element of his music was its use of motives as a means of coherence. -
Maurice Ravel (1875-1937)
Maurice Ravel (7 March 1875-28 December 1937) was a French composer, pianist and conductor. He is often associated with Impressionism. In the 1920s and 1930s Ravel was internationally regarded as France's greatest living composer. -
Manuel de Falla (1876-1946)
Manuel de Falla (23 November 1876-14 November 1946) was a Spanish composer and pianist. He was one of Spain's most important musicians of the first half of the 20th century. He was the son of José María Falla, a Valencian, and María Jesús Matheu, from Catalonia. In 1889 he continued his piano lessons with Alejandro Odero and learned the techniques of harmony and counterpoint from Enrique Broca. -
Béla Bartók (1881-1945)
Béla Bartók (25 March 1881-26 September 1945) was a Hungarian composer and pianist. He is considered one of the most important composers of the 20th century and he and Franz Liszt are regarded as Hungary's greatest composers. -
Joaquín Turina (1882-1949)
Joaquín Turina (9 December 1882 – 14 January 1949) was a Spanish composer of classical music. Turina was born in Seville. He studied in Seville as well as in Madrid. He lived in Paris from 1905 to 1914 where he took composition lessons from Vincent d'Indy at the Schola Cantorum de Paris and studied the piano under Moritz Moszkowski. -
Zoltán Kodály (1882-1967)
Zoltán Kodály (16 December 1882-6 March 1967) was a Hungarian composer. He is well known internationally as the creator of the Kodály method of music education. Some of his works include Háry János, Op. 15 (1926), Székelyfonó (The Spinning Room) (1924–1932), Háry János Suite (1926) Dances of Marosszék (1929)... -
Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887-1959)
Heitor Villa-Lobos (March 5, 1887-November 17, 1959) was a Brazilian composer, conductor, cellist, and classical guitarist described as the single most significant creative figure in 20th-century Brazilian art music. His music was influenced by both Brazilian folk music and stylistic elements from the European classical tradition. He wrote numerous orchestral, chamber, instrumental and vocal works. -
George Gershwin (1898-1937)
George Gershwin (September 26, 1898-July 11, 1937) was an American composer and pianist whose compositions spanned popular, jazz and classical genres. Among his best-known works are the orchestral compositions Rhapsody in Blue (1924) and An American in Paris (1928), the songs "Swanee" (1919) and "Fascinating Rhythm" (1924), the jazz standards "Embraceable You" (1928) and "I Got Rhythm" (1930), and the opera Porgy and Bess (1935). -
Olivier Messiaen (1908-1992)
Olivier Messiaen (10 December 1908-27 April 1992) was a French composer, organist, and ornithologist. One of the major composers of the 20th century, he was also an outstanding teacher of composition and musical analysis. Messiaen entered the Paris Conservatoire at age 11. He was appointed organist at the Église de la Sainte-Trinité, Paris, in 1931, a post he held for 61 years, until his death. -
Pierre Schaeffer (1910-1995)
Pierre Schaeffer (14 August 1910-19 August 1995) was a French composer, writer, broadcaster, engineer, musicologist, acoustician and founder of Groupe de Recherche de Musique Concrète. Schaeffer is most widely and currently recognized for his accomplishments in electronic and experimental music. -
John Cage (1912-1992)
John Cage (September 5, 1912-August 12, 1992) was an American composer and music theorist. He was one of the most influential composers of the 20th century. He was also instrumental in the development of modern dance, mostly through his association with choreographer Merce Cunningham, who was also Cage's romantic partner for most of their lives. -
Pierre Henry (1927-2017)
Pierre Henry (9 December 1927-5 July 2017) was a French composer known for his significant contributions to musique concrète. Henry was born in Paris, France, and began experimenting at the age of 15 with sounds produced by various objects. He became fascinated with the integration of noise into music, now called noise music. He studied at the Conservatoire de Paris from 1938 to 1948. -
Philip Glass (1937-Now)
Philip Glass (January 31, 1937-Now) is an American composer and pianist. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential composers of the late 20th century. Glass's work has been associated with minimalism. He founded the Philip Glass Ensemble, which is still in existence, but Glass no longer performs with the ensemble. He has written 15 operas, numerous chamber operas and musical theatre works, 14 symphonies, 12 concertos, nine string quartets...