-
percussion, 5500 B.C, China Drums
-
percussion, 2000 B.C, Asia Xylophone
-
brass, 1500 B.C, Egypt History of the Trumpets
-
percussion, 500 AD, China Gong
-
woodwind, 900 B.C, China History of the Flute
-
"Fugue, in music, a compositional procedure characterized by the systematic imitation of a principal theme (called the subject) in simultaneously sounding melodic lines (counterpoint)."A prominent composer that uses the fugue style is Beethoven. This style first appeared in around the 14th century.
Britannica -
woodwind, 14th century, Europe Britannica
-
brass, 1450, Belgium History of the Trombone
-
string, 16th century, Spain Britannica
-
string, 1500s, Italy A Breif History of the Violin
-
In the 19th century, “intermezzo” was often used as a title for light instrumental pieces, such as the piano intermezzi composed by Franz Schubert and Johannes Brahms. Giovanni Battista and Pergolesi Georg Benda were key people of this style/type of composition.
-
woodwind, 16th century, Northern Italy History of the Clarinet
-
Sonata is a type of musical composition that is usually played on instruments. They also contain two to four movements or sections. Beethoven was a prominent user of this style. Sonata was first used in 1561.
Britannica -
Prelude, musical composition, usually brief, that is generally played as an introduction to another, larger musical piece. The most notable composer of preludes, J.S. Bach, gave each prelude its own distinct character. Prominent composers were Bach and Chopin. In the 17th century, Preludes started being written by organists.
Britannica -
Structure of Baroque style, was "dignified seriousness" and "impressive grandeur". As compared to Classical music, which has a lighter and clearer texture. Frequent changes in mood and timbre were more common in Classical music than Baroque. From Baroque, Classical music became more simple.
Music 101 -
string, 17th century, North America/Caribbean Banjo
-
woodwind, 17th century, France History of the Oboe
-
Cantata is now, loosely, any work for voices and instruments. The early cantatas were written by Italian composers. A key person who used cantata is Bach. The word first appeared in 1620-29, from an Italian composer's work.
Britannica -
brass, 1650, France Britannica
-
Harmony can be thought of as chords that laid the foundation for the melody. Harmony became a fundamental element of Western Music. Mozart is a composer who used a harmonic style.
Harmony
Britannica -
Born - Feb. 17, 1653, Died - January 8, 1713
Birthplace - Fusignano, near Imola, Italy,
Corelli was an Italian violinist and composer known for his influence on the development of violin style and for his sonatas. In 1702, Corelli went to Naples where he possibly played in the presence of a king. His notable works include, "Sonata op.1", "12 Sonata for Violin and Violone", and "Christmas Concerto".
Britannica -
Born - March 4, 1678, Died - July 28, 1741
Birthplace - Venice, Italy
Vivaldi made his debut as a composer of sacred vocal music in 1713. Some of his notable works include, "Ottone in Villa", "The Four Seasons", and “Violin Concerto in B Minor”. Vivaldi was influenced by Corelli.
Britannica -
Born - March 21, 1685, Died - July 28, 1750
Birthplace - Eisenach, Germany
Bach is regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time. Bach's music was "revived" in the 1800s. Some of his notable works include, "Brandenburg Concertos", Christmas Oratorio*", and "God is My King". Bach was influenced by Vivaldi and Pachelbel.
Britannica -
Born - Februrary 23, 1685, Died - April 14, 1759
Birthplace - Halle, Bradenburg (Germany)
Handel’s years in Italy greatly influenced the development of his musical style. He spent about 4 years in Italy where he met some of the greatest Italian musicians. Handel's notable works include, “Acis and Galatea” , and “Agrippina”, “Almira”. Britannica -
string, 1700, Italy The origins of the Piano
-
percussion, 18th century, Europe Tambourine
-
percussion, 18th century, Egypt About the Triangle
-
George Handel, "Acis and Galatea", 1718, opera
-
Antonio Vivaldi, "The Four Seasons", 1723, Baroque-instrumental
-
Born - March 31, 1732 - Died May 31, 1809
Birthplace - Rohrau, Austria
Hadyn was often referred to as the "Father of the Symphony" and "The Father of the String Quartet". When he was younger, Haydn was invited to serve as a chorister at the Austrian capital's most important church. Some of his notable works include, "The Creation" and "Trumpet Concerto". Hayden's influences were, Handel and Porpora.
Britannica -
Johann Sebatian Bach, "Christmas Oratorio", 1734, oratorio
-
Symphonies began to be composed around the Classical era, about 1740-1820. "Symphony, a lengthy form of musical composition for orchestra, normally consisting of several large sections, or movements, at least one of which usually employs sonata form ". Key people of this style include, Joseph Haydn and Franz Schubert.
-
(1750-1830) A concerto is a piece written for a single type of instrument. The solo instrument will be joined by an orchestra. Mozart crated a new piano concerto. Key people were, Mozart, Haydn, and Beethoven.
The Classical Novice
Britannica -
While the classical period had an emphasis towards elegance and balance in its music, the romantic period focused on the use of song like melodies and newer harmonic elements designed to feel much more emotive to the listener or player. Romantic Symphonies also had more instruments.
Key Differences -
Born January 27, 1756 - Died- December 5, 1791
Birthplace - Salzburg, Austria
Mozart composed from the age of 5 and he performed In front of European royalty when he was 17. He was also considered to be a child prodigy. Some of his notable works include, "Symphony No. 40", "Requiem"(also known as Lacrimosa), and "Sonata No. 16". Mozart was influenced by Bach and Handel.
Britannica -
Born December 17, 1770 - Died March 26, 1827
Birthplace - Bonn, Germany
Beethoven was a crucial composer for the transition between the Classical and Romantic Period. By age 28, he started to lose his hearing. Some of his notable works include "Fur Elise", "Symphony No. 5", and "Moonlight Sonata". He was influenced by Mozart, Bach, Hayden, and Handel.
Britannica -
Born - February 29, 1792, Died - November 13, 1868
Birthplace - Pesaro, Italy
At age 14 he entered Bologna’s Philharmonic School (now the G.B. Martini State Conservatory of Music). When his voice broke and he was unable to continue singing, Rossini became an accompanist and then a conductor. Some of Rossini's notable works include, "Armida", "Aureliano in Palmira", and "Cinderella". His influences are Mozart and Haydn.
Britannica -
Wolfgang Mozart, "Requiem", 1791, classical-operatic
-
Born - January 31, 1797, Died - November 19, 1828
Birthplace - Himmelpfortgrund, Austria
Austria is considered a bridge between the Classical and Romantic Period. Schubert received his music education foundation from his father and his eldest brother.
Notable works include, “Ave Maria!”, “Das Wandern”, and “Der Hirt auf dem Felsen”.
Britannica -
Joseph Haydn, "The Creation", 1797, oratoria
-
Ludwig Beethoven, "Moonlight Sonata", 1801, Western Classical Music
-
Born March 1, 1810 - Died October 17, 1849
Birthplace - Żelazowa Wola, Poland
Chopin was born into a family that had artistic learnings. He was considered a child prodigy as he was a pianist and composer. Chopin’s notable works consist of “Berceuse” “Chopin Preludes, Op. 28” “Heroic Polonaise” and “Polonaise in G Minor”. He was influenced by Vivaldi, Pachelbel, and Kerll.
Britannica -
The first nocturne was first published in 1814 by John Field. Nocturne in music, is a composition that was created in the 19th century as a character piece for piano. Prominent composers of this style are Chopin and Debussy.
-
brass, 1820s, France The Met
-
Franz Schubert, "Ave Maria", 1825, Compositional
-
Frederic Chopin, "Nocturne op 9 No.2", 1831, Nocturne
-
Born May 7, 1833 - Died April 3, 1897
Birthplace - Hamburg, Germany
Brahms was a child genius who started performing at age 8. By age 11, he was improvising sonatas. Some of Brahms' notable works include, "Wiegenlied op. 49 n. 4", "Hungarian Dance No. 5", and "Symphony No 4 in E minor, Op 98". Brahms' was influenced by Beethoven, Mozart, and Schumann.
Britannica -
brass, 1835, Germany The origins of the Tuba
-
woodwind, 1846, Belgium History of the Saxophone
-
Born - August 22, 1862, Died - March 25, 1918
Birthplace - Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
Debussy is considered a 20th century composer. By the time he was nine, Debussy showed talent in the Piano. He developed a highly original system of harmony and musical structure. Some of his notable works include, “Clair de lune”, “Nocturnes”, and “Pelleas et Melisande”. His influences include Fredric Chopin. Britannica -
Born - June 11, 1864, Died - September 8, 1949,
Birthplace - Munich, Germany
Strauss's father was considered "Germany's leading virtuoso of the instrument". When he left school in 1882, he had already composed more than 140 works. Some of his notable works are, “A Hero’s Life” “An Alpine Symphony, Op. 64”, “Arabella”.
Britannica -
Born - September 5, 1867, Died - December 27, 1944
Birthplace - Henniker, N.H., U.S.
Beach wrote "Gaelic Symphony (1894)", which was the first symphony by an American woman composer. When she was four, Beach began making simple melodies on the keyboard. Some of her notable works include, "Gaelic Symphony" and "Piano Concerto in C-sharp minor".
Britannica -
Born - June 5, 1882, Died - April 6, 1971
Birthplace - Lomonosov, Russia
Stravinsky is a composer who's work is considered to have had a revolutionary impact on musical though and sensibility, before and after WWl. He has also been awarded three Grammys. Some of his notable works include, “Oedipus Rex”, “Persephone”, and “Requiem Canticle”.
Britannica -
Jazz, musical form, often improvisational, developed by African Americans and influenced by both European harmonic structure and African rhythms. Key people were, Astrud Gilberto and Roberta Flack.
Britannica -
Claude Debussy, "Clair de lune", 1908, musical impressionism
-
Born - September 5, 1912, Died - August 12, 1992,
Birthplace - New York, New York
Cage's "unorthodox" ideas influenced the mid-20th-century music. He experimented with tape recorders, record players, and radios in his effort to step outside the bounds of conventional Western music. Notable works include, “1O1”, “4′33"″, and "Concert for Piano and Orchestra”.
Britannica -
string, 1931, United States Britannica
-
Igor Stravinsky, "Persephone", 1934, melodrame
-
Electronic music, any music involving electronic processing, such as recording and editing on tape, and whose reproduction involves the use of loudspeakers.1948 was the year electronic music's foundation was made to be able compose it in the future.
Britannica -
The compositional structure abandons traditional things like rhythm, melody, timbre, or tempo in favor of free improvisation or total deconstruction. Experimental Music is a style that dates back to the mid-20th century. John Cage is a composer who used this style.
Experimental Music Guide -
Johannes Brahms, "Hungarian Dance No.5", 1950, Hungarian Folk Music
-
John Cage, "4'33"", 1952, Modernist