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Even though most of Spain's colonies gained freedom through revolutionary movements inthe 19th century, Spain had gained a strong foothold in the Americas by settling and monopolizing regions in the Americas with Viceroyalties such as New Granada and Rio de la Plata.
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On August 18th, 1786 the decision to send a colonization party of convicts and soldiers was made. This led to the eventual creation of Australia as a nation.
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The Atlantic slave trade of began in the 16th century and lasted through to the 19th century. It's peak was in the year of 1788, when an estimated 80,000 Africans were forced to become slaves annually.
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During the time of the French Revolution, over 160,000 people fled from the fighting. 32,000 of these people alone immigrated to the UK.
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Resulting from the Haitian Revolution and banned from Louisiana, a large amount of the population in Haiti migrated to other nearby Carribbean islands, expecially Santo Domingo.
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The British Empire encouraged many families to immigrate to Canada after the War of 1812 in an attempt to populate the area. Many military officers in the area were told to stay there for the same reason.
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The Colonial Government of Austrailia decided to promote the migration of free settlers in order to create an Emancipist consumer economy. Migrants between 1830 to 1850 from Europe found that conditions were very good and saw opportunities. 58,000 people came from 1815 to 1840.
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Driven by economic constraints and political unrest, the Hadhrami people of south Yemen immigrated to various places around the Indian Ocean, dispersing their food, clothing, architecture, and ideas.
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Throughout the 19th Century, thousands of US citizens immigrated into the West due to the abundance of open land available. This Westerward expansion was the cause for the Indian Wars and the displacement of indigenous populations.
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The Trail of Tears refers to the forced eviction of thousands of Native Americans due to the Indian Removal Act of 1830. Thousands were displaced and thousands of others died in the process.
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The Dutch occupying South Africa began to explore the areas further north from them, finding an abundance of natural resources as the went and expanding their borders even further.
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After the Great Famine in the 1840s, over 1 million people migrated from Ireland to Great Britain, searching for a better quality of life.
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The California Gold Rush caused around 300,000 people to move West, hoping to strike rich with the news of gold. This mass movement of people had a lasting effect on California and it's cities.
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The Welsh began migrating to the Americas, Canada, Austraila, and New Zealand. This reflected the prevalence of social and economic pressures in Wales during this time period.
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Waves of Chinese immigrants headed to America due to the high poverty rates from the Taiping rebellion, the news of gold in California, and the open jobs for the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad.
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Following the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863, free blacks migrated to Kansas as well as Canada to maintain a safe haven from anti-abolitionists.
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Persecuted and having economic troubles, Jewish people migrated from the pogroms in Russia to the Austrian border town of Brody. although many returned to their homes, some refugees escaped to America.
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The Chinese Exclusion Act prevented further immigration to America from Chinese. It was not fully repealed until 1942 under the Magnuson Act. It prevented thousands of Chinese immigrants from entering America.
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The Yukon Gold Rush, similar to the California Gold Rush, caused the migration of around 100,000 people to the North West territories of Canada during the very late 1800's.
