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Treaty of Versailles
1919 Germany surrenders to Allies lose World War 1.... and are forced to sign unfavorable Treaty of Versailles
When Germany lost the war, they had to....
1.Lose Land
2.Lose military
3.Pay back money (billions) to winners -
Hyper Inflation
price of bread in Germany, 1923
Cost of a 2 lb loaf of bread
December 1920- 2.37 marks
December 1921-3.90 marks
December 1922- 163.15 marks
January 1923- 250 marks
April 1923- 474 marks
july1923- 3465 marks
august 1923 69000
September 1923
oct 1923
Nov 1923
dec 1923 -
Beerhall Putsch
Hitler attempts to overthrow the German government
They failed and got arrested. TREASON
Hitler was on trial in 1924
Uses trail to give huge speech further blaming Jews for the problems of Germany -
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Republic Government
Germany had a republic style government. The president was a popular war hero named Hindenburg but his health began to fail him in the early 1930s -
Anne Frank is Born
Annelies Marie "Anne" Frank was a German-born diarist. One of the most discussed Jewish victims of the Holocaust, she gained fame posthumously with the publication of The Diary of a Young Girl. She was outgoing and was an extrovert. -
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Holocaust
The Holocaust was the mass murder of six million Jews and millions of other people leading up to, and during, World War II. They were organised by the German Nazi party which was led by Adolf Hitler. ... The Nazis also murdered politicians, trade unionists, journalists, and teachers. -
Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany
Adolf Hitler was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945. He was a powerful and persuasive speaker, which made people believe in him.
How did Hitler gained support and worked his way up to chancellor.
-eliminate political rivals to be head of Nazis
-rising popularity of Nazis forces Hindenburg to give him some power -
Reichstag Fire Of February
Hitler blames (Dutch) Communists for fire
HITLER STATED THE FIRE he hired Nazi thugs to set it on fire -
First Concentration Camps Set Up
Mostly for political prisoners, people who didn't like Hitler, like Communist.
Early on, the camps were for imprisonment and hard labor, not for killing.
188,000 people working.
After the Enabling Art was pasted he didn't want people to go against him and outlaw other parties.
The camp was divided into two sections the camp area and the crematorium area. (turn the people into ashes)
it was a labor camp. -
Enabling Act of March
-Basically gives power of decision making to Hitler.
-Within a few months, all other political parties besides the Nazis were eliminated
-This allowed Hitler to rid of all his rivals
-At this time, we see an official boycott of Jewish businesses as well
Hitler is now the one in charge -
Nuremberg Laws
Nazis needed a way to identify Jews so they could discriminate them
Nuremberg Laws defined people with 3 or 4 ¨Jewish¨ Grandparents as Jewish and 1 or 2 as Mixed Blood. impact of the laws
-Denied Citiszenship
-Forbade Jews from marrying non-Jews
-Cannot fly national flags -
Appeasement
German Army moves into Austria and Germany annexes Czechoslovakia.
to avoid war, other countries let them do it. -
Kristallnacht
On November 9 to November 10, Nazis in Germany torched synagogues, vandalized Jewish homes, schools and businesses and killed close to 100 Jews. The night became known as 'Kristallnacht' or 'The night of the broken glass' due to the number of windows broken during the attacks. -
Euthanasia Program Begins
-Euthanasia- systematic killing of those Germans whom the Nazis deemed "unworthy of life" because of mental illness or physical disability.
-Eventually, 80,000 people with disabilities will be killed. -
Death Camps
First "Death Camp" opens at Chelmno (in Central Poland)
Vans with small gas chambers in the rear are used.
!!!!1942!!!! At about the same time, Zyklon B gas is first testes at the Auschwitz-Birkwnau camp as a use for mass extermination
This would become the Nazis' "preferred method" for the Auschwitz- Birkenau and Majdanek camps -
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Einsatzgruppen
Mobile Killing Squads or "Action Kommandos"
As the army advanced into the Soviet Union, these groups would round up Jews from the newly occupied areas and kill them usually by shooting.
The largest mass-killing by Einsatzgruppen on record was at Babi Yar in Ukraine 33,000 people were killed in just under 2 days. -
Mr. Dussel moves into the secret annex
Mrs.Vaan Daan is not polite to Mr.Dussel while Mr.Frank (and the rest of the family) is polite to him. -
Wannsee Conference "Final Solution"
-Nazi leaders approve the "Final Solution" or plan to EXTERMINATE THE JEWS -
Anne Frank’s family goes into hiding
Anne and her family went into hiding because her sister, Margot Frank, received a letter ordering her to report to a work camp in Germany. Auguste van Pels with their son Peter, and Fritz Pfeffer have gone into hiding with them too in the same place, the Secret Annex. -
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
-Residents smuggled weapons in
-Uprising lasted for about a month
-SS troops arrested and deported residents after the uprising ended -
Einsatzgruppen
Einsatzgruppen were Schutzstaffel paramilitary death squads of Nazi Germany that were responsible for mass killings, primarily by shooting, during World War II. Number of employees: 3,000
It fell apart because the people shooting the other people that were in the ditches, were getting PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder) picture of Einsatzgruppen -
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Uprisings
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
-Residents smuggled weapons in
-Uprising lasted for about a month
-SS troops arrested and deported residents after the uprising ended
CAMP REBELLIONS:
Prisoners fought back at death camps Treblinka (Aug. 1943) Sobibor (Oct. 1943)
After Stealing weapons from guards, prisoners tried to escape. Most were killed but a few dozen made it out and survived the war
Auschwitz-Birkenua (1944)
Members f the Sonderkommando working in the Crematorium fought SS guards killing over 70 -
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Uprisings
but all 250 as well as 200 other were killed in response.
The Sonderkommando managed to destroy a crematorium building with smuggled explosives
Partisans-Guerrilla groups fighting against. (unorganized fighting force) They killed Nazis. They just ambushed the Nazis' then left -
Secret Annex is discovered and captured by Nazis.
September They got caught by the Nazis just seeing if anyone was inside and then they just found them all like that -
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Death Marches
-Allies advancing toward death camps
-Nazis evacuate prisoners, march them into Germany to avoid capture
-Brutal treatment and harsh conditions along the way -
Anne’s death is confirmed to Otto Frank
AUGUST- Anne went to a camp and died there -
Mr. Frank returns to the annex and finds Anne’s Diary
NOVEMBER Mr.Frank returns to see if Anne and Margot are still alive but are not and starts crying at a white glove. Meip gives him a diary of Anne's that she just found. Then Mr.Frank is happy. -
Hitler commits suicide
Hitler commits suicide rather than face capture by the Soviet Red Army. (killed himself on April 30th)
Germany surrenders within a week (after 9 days) -
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Nuremberg Trials
The Allies and the International Community put a number of Germans on trail for War Crimes, Crimes Against Peace and Crimes Against Humanity -
Liberation of Concentration camps
Liberation- the act of setting someone free from imprisonment, slavery, or oppression; release.
Challenges Jews faced- Camps throughout Europe are liberated by Allied forces (the Soviet Union)
Liberated- to be free -
What happened to the survivors?
-Displaced Persons Camps - Areas for former prisoners to stay while searching for family and a permanent place to live. -
Non-Violent Resistance
Instead of fighting, many used non-violent forms of resistance used
Prayer groups
Non-compliance
Music
Art work
Schooling
