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Robert Hook & Anton Van Leeuwenhoek- observed the first microoganisms.
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Gregor Mendel- worked with pea plants, allowed one to predict the outcome of crosses with certain triaits.
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Scientific basis for fermentation, wine making, and brewing of beer, established the science of microbiology, proposed germ theory, claiming microorganisms were responsible for infections diseases
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Johann Miescher found nucleic acid in white blood cells from pus in bandages, later led to believe DNA might be inheritable material
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Thomas Hunt Morgan; discovered genese were on chromosome
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using mice, showed that genetic material could moved from on strain of bacteria to another.
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isolated penicillin from a fungus. Many of his ideas are used to develope drugs
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he showed that in DNA the adenine and thymine equaled and the number of units if cytosine equaled those of guanine
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Proposed " one gene produces one enzyme" and established that indeed DNA was hereditary material.
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Hershey and Chase proved virues replicated using DNA and confirmed the role of DNA was hereditary.
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Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins established, and that DNA was indeed a double Helix
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Discvored the structure of DNA
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Hayes discoverd it, a circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria.
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Discovered the mechanism of gene expression through his study of messenger RNA
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discovered bacterial restriction enzymes that cut DNA
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Discovered the 64 condons that code for the 20 amino acids making proteins.
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Isolated and purified by Vinograd
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responsible for the first transformation of the bacterium Escherichia Coli
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experiments were conducted by Boyer and Cohen
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The worlds first genetic engineering company was founded
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met to draw up guidelines for work with recombinant DNA in microorganisms. Paul Berg was a key organizer
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found a way to sequence DNA given an unknown piece of DNA, they were able to read the correct order of bases of adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine
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inserted a synthetic insulin gene into E coli
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found that one could be identified by the pattern made of ones DNA through a digest by different enzymes. This DNA fingerprint was called a Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
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the first human baby resulting from in vitro fertilization in which sperm and egg are joined in a pertri dish. fertilized egg is later inplanted in a womb
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ruled that genetically altered life forms can be patented, this resulted in a huge startup of biotech companies
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scientists made the first transgenic animals
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placed a human insulin gene inside bacteria
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transformed plants with Agrobacterium- mediated gene transfer
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invented polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA in the laboratory
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in DNA profiling to the study of criminal cases
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speeding up the labor intense process.
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genes were moved into an organism
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for recombinant DNA to include plants gronw in greenhouses and animals raised in barns
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discovered RNA interference, silencing of genes, in the worm C. elegans
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used by Kohler, Milstein, and Jerne
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Maynard Olson and Colleagues at Washington University, which are expression vectors for large proteins
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cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult cell of ewe at Foslin Institute in Scottland
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looking at the expression of all the genes of an organism at one time on a microscope slide or silicon chip was developed
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coined the rrem riboswitch for part of an mRNA molecule that can regulate its own activity and therefore gene expression
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by Francis Collins and Craig Venter, project provided the ability to find genes and gave rise to the sequencing of other genmoes
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invented an automated DNa sequencer that had a capability f sequencing 76800 base pairs per hour, 5 to 30 times faster than existing sequencers
