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Evil spirits
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Prayer, exorcisms, blood letting,
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-Digitalis (heart medicine)
-quinine (fevers, muscle spasms, malaria)
-Belladonna (muscle spasm, GI pain)
-Morphine (pain) -
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-Very accurate health records
-Physicians were mostly priests
-Healed by gods, medicines for disease, splinting fractures, bloodletting with leeches -
-Created acupuncture
-Treated variety of illness and disease with stone tools -
-First to find out that illness was natural, not spiritual
-Not allowed to dissect bodies
-Hippocrates (Father of medicine)
-Knowledge from observations
-Created oath from ethics that physicians still use today -
-Brought in clean water, made sewers, public baths (sanitation)
-First to organize medical care
-Sent medical equipment to soldiers
-Physicians kept rooms in their houses for the ill which led to hospitals -
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-Study of medicine was stopped because the nomads from the north (Huns) believed that life and death was in gods hands
-Primary treatment was prayer -
-Medicines were herbal mixtures
-Care for ill was more watching and protecting instead of curing the illness -
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-Epidemics caused millions of deaths
-Bubonic plague, smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, tuberculosis were some of them -
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-Universities began to form and build along with new ideas of disease
-People started to accept dissection (realized it was for good to understand the body
-Printing press and publishing books began and expanded greater knowledge -
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-studied and recorded the anatomy of the body -
-Discovered fallopian tubes of the female anatomy -
-Discovered tube leading from ear to throat (Eustachian tube)
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-Described circulation of blood and the pumping heart -
-Invented microscope (realized there is life smaller than the eye can see
-Found bacteria causes tooth decay -
-Engaged in trading in the east for drugs and spices for medicines in pharmacy’s
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-Discovered bifocals
-Found that colds can be passed on -
-More students became interested in medicine
-Attended lectures and observed patients bedside
-Dissected bodies -
-Observed plants refresh air that has lost oxygen (useable for respiration
-Discovered oxygen -
-Discovered medicine for smallpox -
-Invented stethoscope
-Could hear the heart to see if there was a disease present -
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-Discovered cause of childbed fever
-Realized that after dissecting they were delivering babies and it spread diseases
-Created handwashing and more cleanliness -
-Experience from volunteering in hospitals
-Dedicated nurse to the wars
-Helped care for many people dying of cholera -
-Discovered microorganisms existed everywhere
-Learned that microorganisms cause disease
-Discovered heating milk prevented the growth of bacteria
-We still use this method today
-Created a vaccine for rabies -
-Discovered that diseases are created by microorganisms and cannot be seen with a microscope
-Called viruses
-Not studied until the electron microscope was invented
-Some of these “invisible” diseases are Poliomyelitis, Chicken pox, Rabies, German measles, Measles, Herpes zoster, Influenza, Mumps -
-Used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs that cause infection
-First doctor to use antiseptic during surgery (helped prevent infection of incision) -
-Developed asepsis (sterile condition, free of germs)
-Less infections during surgeries -
-Found many disease causing organisms
-Developed culture plate method to find pathogens and also bacterium that causes tuberculosis
-Showed importance of sanitation and cleanliness to prevent disease spread -
-Discovered that medicines only work on specific diseases
-Did 606 experiments to find a cure for syphilis and on the 606th try he found one that worked -
-Discovered X-rays in 1895
-Discovery allowed doctors to see inside the body and find what was wrong -
-Early doctors used herbs, hashish, alcohol, or even choking a patients to get them unconscious but too many people were dying early in the surgery
-Later nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform for dental care was discovered that it could put people in deep sleep
-This is now known as anesthesia and used today -
-Found that penicillin can kill life threatening bacteria
-Life changing/best discovery in the twentieth century
-Before penicillin many diseases we could cure today were deadly back then (pneumonia, gonorrhea, and blood poisoning) -
-Found sulfonamide compounds
-First medications to kill bacteria -
-Discover that a dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis
-Paralyzed thousands of kids and adults every year
-Attacked the most active people -
-Found/used a live polio virus vaccine to make people immune against this deadly disease
-Still used today to make newborns immune -
-Discovered molecular structure of DNA (based on its double helix)
-Double helix showed how DNA replicates and how hereditary info is coded on it
-Made molecular biology advance fast
-Won Nobel Prize in Medicine -
-Performed first successful heart transplant
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-Pioneer in separating Siamese twins and performing hemispherectomies (surgeries on the brain to stop seizures -
-Covid 19 nasal spray to reduce covid 19 infection
-A new 3 minute brain wave test can detect early Alzheimer’s
-Artificial Intelligence has been more helpful lately for medicines, treatments, and diagnoses
-CRISPR Gene Editing has become popular to treat genetic orders early on
-Scientists have discovered that new toxins in Parkinson's disease create new holes in the brain giving us new insights of this disease