-
Period: 100 to Jan 1, 1400
Hohokam
Originally part of a joint existence with the Anasazi tribe but split up between 300 B.C. and 1400 A.D. Moved to the valleys of the Salt and Gila rivers in what is now central Arizona. -
Period: 100 to Jan 1, 1400
Anasazi
One of the groups of native americans that introduced crops into the southwest of North America. Lived in ADOBE buildings, or buildings made of hardened clay, in the bottom of the four corners region (the point where Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico meet. Lasted from about 250 B.C. to 1400 A.D. -
Period: 250 to Jan 1, 900
Mayans
Native Americans who built a dynamic culture in Guatemala and the Yucatan Peninsula between 250 A.D. and 900 A.D. -
Period: Jan 1, 718 to Jan 1, 1492
Reconquista
The kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, and Portugal crusade against Muslims in order to spread Christianity. Literal translation is "reconquest". -
Period: Jan 1, 1200 to Jan 1, 1521
Aztecs
Group of Native Americans that MIGRATED, or moved, to the valley of Mexico in the 1200s. One of major Native American tribes in South America. Their empire thought that Cortes was an armor clad god and were brought to their end by the Spanish in 1521. -
Jun 15, 1215
Magna Carta
It promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown, to be implemented through a council of 25 barons. Neither side stood behind their commitments, and the charter was annulled by Pope Innocent III, leading to the First Barons' War -
Period: Jan 1, 1300 to
Renaissance
A period in Europe, from the 14th to the 17th century, considered the bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age. -
Mar 4, 1394
Prince Henry the Navigator
Was an important figure in 15th-century Portuguese politics and in the early days of the Portuguese Empire. Through his administrative direction, he is regarded as the main initiator of what would be known as the Age of Discoveries. Henry was the third child of the Portuguese king John I and responsible for the early development of Portuguese exploration and maritime trade with other continents through the systematic exploration of Western Africa, the islands of the Atlantic Ocean, and the s -
Period: Jan 1, 1400 to
Columbian Exchange
Was the widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade after Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage.[1] Although unlikely to be intentional at the time, communicable diseases were a byproduct of the Exchange. -
Jan 1, 1450
John Cabot
An Italian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of parts of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England is commonly held to have been the first European exploration of the mainland of North America since the Norse Vikings' visits to Vinland in the eleventh century. To mark the Canadian celebration of the 500th anniversary of Cabot's expedition, the Canadian and British governments have both accepted a widely held conclusion that the landing site was at Cape Bonavista, N -
Jan 1, 1450
Bartolomeu Dias
A nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer. He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic, the first European known to have done so. -
Jan 1, 1451
Christopher Columbus
Was an Italian explorer, navigator, colonizer and citizen of the Republic of Genoa. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean. Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements on the island of Hispaniola, initiated the Spanish colonization of the New World. -
Mar 4, 1454
Amerigo Vespucci
An Italian explorer, financier, navigator and cartographer who first demonstrated that Brazil and the West Indies did not represent Asia's eastern outskirts as initially conjectured from Columbus' voyages, but instead constituted an entirely separate landmass hitherto unknown to Afro-Eurasians. Colloquially referred to as the New World, this second super continent came to be termed "America", deriving its name from Americus, the Latin version of Vespucci's first name. -
Jan 1, 1467
Pedro Alvarez Cabral
Was a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the discoverer of Brazil. Cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal. -
Jan 1, 1480
Ferdinand Magellan
Was a Portuguese explorer who organised the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth. -
Jan 1, 1485
Hernan Cortes
Was a Spanish CONQUISTADOR, or Spanish colonizer of Central America, who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers who began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. -
Jan 1, 1500
Iroquois League
Confederation of five Indian tribes across upper New York state that during the 17th and 18th centuries played a strategic role in the struggle between the French and British for mastery of North America. The five Iroquois nations, characterizing themselves as “the people of the longhouse,” were the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. -
Jan 1, 1500
Terms 1500 (1)
MISSIONARY - a person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country
PRESIDO - (in Spain and Spanish America) a fortified military settlement
VICEROY - a ruler exercising authority in a colony on behalf of a sovereign.
ROYAL COLONY - a colony ruled or administered by officials appointed by and responsible to the reigning sovereign of the parent state
MESTIZO - a man of mixed race, especially the offspring of a Spaniard and an American Indian. -
Jan 1, 1500
Terms 1500 (2)
PROPRIETARY COLONY - A proprietary colony was a type of British colony mostly in North America and the Caribbean in the 17th century. In the British Empire, all land belonged to the king, and it was his prerogative to divide.
MISSION - A curchlike building used to spread faith or as a place of worship for nuns and monks
NORTHWEST PASSAGE - a sea route connecting the northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America -
Jan 1, 1500
Terms 1500 (3)
QUEBEC - Canada's largest source of French speaking people and immigrants
PUSH FACTOR - a flaw or distress that drives a person away from a certain place
PULL FACTOR - something concerning the country to which a person migrates. It is generally a benefit that attracts people to a certain place
PURITAN - A highly religous person who lived in the 16th and 17th centuries -
Jan 1, 1500
Terms 1500 (5)
QUAKER - a member of the Religious Society of Friends, a Christian movement founded by George Fox circa 1650 and devoted to peaceful principles -
Jan 1, 1500
Terms 1500 (4)
CHARTER - a written grant by a country's legislative or sovereign power, by which an institution such as a company, college, or city is created and its rights and privileges defined
SEPARTIST - a person who supports the separation of a particular group of people from a larger body on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or gender
JOINT-STOCK COMPANY - a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders
PILGRIM - a person who journeys to a sacred place for religious reasons -
Period: Jan 1, 1500 to
Powhatan
In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, a mamanatowick (paramount chief) named Wahunsunacawh (a.k.a. Powhatan), created a powerful organization by affiliating 30 tributary peoples, whose territory was much of eastern Virginia. They called this area Tsenacommacah ("densely inhabited Land"). Wahunsunacawh came to be known by the English as "Powhatan". -
Jan 1, 1502
Moctezuma
Also known as Montezuma, was the Aztec emperor when Cortes found them. Regarded Cortes as a god and was stoned to death in the spring of 1520 for allowing Cortes to do whatever he wanted. -
Dec 29, 1519
Vasco da Gama
A Portuguese explorer. He was the first European to reach India by sea, linking Europe and Asia for the first time by ocean route, as well as the Atlantic and the Indian oceans entirely and definitively, and in this way, the West and the Orient. This was accomplished on his first voyage to India (1497–1499). Da Gama's discovery was significant and opened the way for an age of global imperialism and for the Portuguese to establish a long-lasting colonial empire in Asia. -
Jan 1, 1526
Middle Passage
The stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. -
Aug 13, 1574
Samuel de Champlain
"The Father of New France", was a French navigator, cartographer, draughtsman, soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat, and chronicler. He founded New France and Quebec City on July 3, 1608. He is important to Canadian history because he made the first accurate map of the coast and he helped establish the settlements. -
Jan 1, 1580
John Smith
Admiral of New England, was an English soldier, explorer, and author. He was knighted for his services to Sigismund Bathory, Prince of Transylvania, and his friend Mózes Székely. He was considered to have played an important part in the establishment of Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in North America. He was a leader of the Virginia Colony (based at Jamestown) between September 1608 and August 1609, and led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay. -
John Winthrop
was a wealthy English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the first major settlement in what is now New England after Plymouth Colony. Winthrop led the first large wave of immigrants from England in 1630, and served as governor for 12 of the colony's first years of existence. His writings and vision of the colony as a "city upon a hill" dominated New England development, influencing the governments and religions of neighboring colonies. -
Anne Hutchinson
Was a Puritan spiritual adviser, mother of 15, and an important participant in the Antinomian Controversy that shook the infant Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638. Her strong religious convictions were at odds with the established Puritan clergy in the Boston area, and her popularity and charisma helped create a theological schism that threatened to destroy the Puritans' religious experiment in New England. -
Roger Williams
Was an English Puritan theologian who was an early proponent of religious freedom and the separation of church and state. He was expelled by the Puritan Leaders because they thought he was spreading "new and dangerous ideas", so in 1636, he began the colony of Providence Plantation, which provided a refuge for religious minorities. -
Lord Baltimore
Was the first Proprietor and Proprietary Governor of the Province of Maryland, and ninth Proprietary Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland and the colony of Avalon. Cecil Calvert established and managed the Province of Maryland from his home, Kiplin Hall, in North Yorkshire, England. As an English Roman Catholic, he continued the legacy of his father by promoting religious tolerance in the colony. -
House of Burgesses
Was the first legislative assembly of elected representatives in North America. The House was established by the Virginia Company, who created the body as part of an effort to encourage English craftsmen to settle in North America and to make conditions in the colony more agreeable for its current inhabitants. -
Mayflower Compact
The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was written by separatist Congregationalists who called themselves "Saints". Later they were referred to as Pilgrims or Pilgrim Fathers. They were fleeing from religious persecution by King James of England. They traveled aboard the Mayflower in 1620 along with adventurers, tradesmen, and servants, most of whom were referred to by the Separatists as "Strangers". -
Period: to
Pequot War
An armed conflict between the Pequot tribe and an alliance of the English colonists of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Saybrook colonies and their Native American allies which occurred between 1634 and 1638. The Pequots lost the war. At the end, about seven hundred Pequots had been killed or taken into captivity. Hundreds of prisoners were sold into slavery to the West Indies. Other survivors were dispersed. -
William Penn
Was an English real estate entrepreneur, philosopher, early Quaker and founder of the Province of Pennsylvania, the English North American colony and the future Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. He was an early advocate of democracy and religious freedom, notable for his good relations and successful treaties with the Lenape Native Americans. Under his direction, the city of Philadelphia was planned and developed. -
Terms 1650 (1)
HABEUS CORPUS - is a legal action or writ by means of which detainees can seek relief from unlawful imprisonment.
INDENTURED SERVITUDE - a labor system where people paid for their passage to the New World by working for an employer for a certain number of years.
SALUTARY NEGLECT - the unofficial, long-term seventeenth- and eighteenth-century British Crown policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England. -
Terms 1650 (2)
MERCANTILISM - belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.
CASH CROPS - crops grown in excess that sold extremely well on the market, main source of income for many developing colonies in the New World -
Metacomet (King Philip)
At the beginning Metcom sought to live in harmony with the colonists. As a sachem, he took the lead in much of his tribes' trade with the colonies. He adopted the European name of Philip, and bought his clothes in Boston, Massachusetts. But as time passed took part in King Philip's War. -
Period: to
King Philip's War
An armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day New England and English colonists and their Native American allies in 1675–78. The war is named for the main leader of the Native American side, Metacomet, who had adopted the English name "King Philip" in honor of the previously-friendly relations between his father and the original Mayflower Pilgrims. The war continued in the most northern reaches of New England until the signing of the Treaty of Casco Bay in April 1678. -
Bacon's Rebellion
An armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley. The colony's dismissive policy as it related to the political challenges of its western frontier, combined with accumulating grievances helped to motivate a popular uprising against Berkeley, who had failed to address the demands of the colonists regarding their safety. -
English Bill of Rights
An act of the Parliament of England that deals with constitutional matters and lays out certain basic civil rights. The Bill of Rights lays down limits on the powers of the monarch and sets out the rights of Parliament, including the requirement for regular parliaments, free elections, and freedom of speech in Parliament. It sets out certain rights of individuals including the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment and reestablished the liberty of Protestants to have arms for their defence -
James Oglethorpe
Was a British general, Member of Parliament, philanthropist, and founder of the colony of Georgia. As a social reformer, he hoped to resettle Britain's poor, especially those in debtors' prisons, in the New World. -
Period: to
Enlightenment
a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The principal goals of Enlightenment thinkers were liberty, progress, reason, tolerance, fraternity and ending the abuses of the church and state. -
Period: to
1st Great Awakening
Widespread revivals led by evangelical Protestant ministers, a sharp increase of interest in religion, a profound sense of conviction and redemption on the part of those affected, an increase in evangelical church membership, and the formation of new religious movements and denominations -
John Jay
An American statesman, Patriot, diplomat, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, signer of the Treaty of Paris, and first Chief Justice of the United States -
Alexander Hamilton
A Founding Father of the United States, chief staff aide to General George Washington, one of the most influential interpreters and promoters of the U.S. Constitution, the founder of the nation's financial system, the founder of the Federalist Party, the world's first voter-based political party, the Father of the United States Coast Guard, and the founder of The New York Post. -
Andrew Jackson
The seventh President of the United States. he faced a threat of secession from South Carolina over the "Tariff of Abominations" which Congress had enacted under Adams. In contrast to several of his immediate successors, He denied the right of a state to secede from the union, or to nullify federal law. The Nullification Crisis was defused when the tariff was amended and Jackson threatened the use of military force if South Carolina (or any other state) attempted to secede. -
Period: to
2nd Great Awakening
It occurred in all parts of the United States, and was especially strong in the Northeast and the Midwest. This awakening was unique in that it moved beyond the educated elite of New England to those who were less wealthy and less educated. -
Henry Clay
An American lawyer, politician, and skilled orator who represented Kentucky in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives. He served three non-consecutive terms as Speaker of the House of Representatives and was also Secretary of State from 1825 to 1829. He lost his campaigns for president in 1824, 1832 and 1844. -
Articles of Confederation
An agreement among all thirteen original states in the United States of America that served as its first constitution.[1] Its drafting by a committee appointed by the Second Continental Congress began on July 12, 1776, and an approved version was sent to the states for ratification in late 1777. The formal ratification by all thirteen states was completed in early 1781. Government under the Articles was superseded by a new constitution and federal form of government in 1789. -
Terms 1782 (1)
BICAMERAL LEGISLATURE - A two house government style, this was the early form of government used by the US
POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY - the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives
LIMITED GOVERNMENT - a system of government that is bound to certain principles of action by a state constitution. -
Terms 1782 (2)
SEPARATION OF POWERS - an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.
CHECKS AND BALANCES - used to keep the government from getting too powerful in one branch. -
Period: to
Shays’ Rebellion
An armed uprising in Massachusetts (mostly in and around Springfield) during 1786 and 1787. Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays led four thousand rebels (called Shaysites) in rising up against perceived economic injustices and suspension of civil rights by Massachusetts, and in a later attempt to capture the United States' national weapons arsenal at the U.S. Armory at Springfield. -
Great Compromise
Was an agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution. It retained the bicameral legislature as proposed by Roger Sherman, along with proportional representation in the lower house, but required the upper house to be weighted equally between the states. Each state would have two representatives in the upper house. -
Northwest Ordinance (1787)
An act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States (the Confederation Congress), passed July 13, 1787. The ordinance created the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States, from lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains, between British Canada and the Great Lakes to the north and the Ohio River to the south. -
The Federalist
A collection of 85 articles and essays written (under the pseudonym Publius) by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution. -
Terms 1790 (1)
CABINET - The presidents chosen and closests advisors in charge of keeping him in check and to help him
TARIFF - A tax on imports or exports
LOOSE CONSTRUCTION - A laid back more open interpretation of the Consititution and Bill of Rights
STRICT CONSTRUCTION - A "word for word" and literal interpretation of something, specifically the Constitution
JUDICIAL REVIEW - The act and power of the Supreme Court that allows it to determine whther or not certain actions made by the government are illegal -
Terms 1790 (2)
IMPRESSMENT - The act of Britain taking American soldiers and enlisting them into their own military. -
Whiskey Rebellion
The whiskey tax was resisted by farmers in the western frontier regions who were long accustomed to distilling their surplus grain and corn into whiskey. In these regions, whiskey was sufficiently popular that it often served as a medium of exchange. -
Cotton Gin
A machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, allowing for much greater productivity than manual cotton separation. Created by Eli Whitney. -
Alien and Sedition Acts
Four bills passed by the Federalist dominated 5th United States Congress, and signed into law by Federalist President John Adams in 1798.[1] They made it harder for an immigrant to become a citizen (Naturalization Act), allowed the president to imprison and deport noncitizens who were deemed dangerous (Alien Friends Act) or who were from a hostile nation (Alien Enemies Act), and criminalized making false statements that were critical of the federal government (Sedition Act). -
Nat Turner
An African-American slave who led a slave rebellion of slaves and free blacks in Southampton County, Virginia on August 21, 1831 that resulted in 60 white deaths. -
Dorothea Dix
An American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums. During the Civil War, she served as a Superintendent of Army Nurses. -
Louisiana Purchase
The acquisition of the Louisiana territory (828,000 square miles) by the United States from France in 1803. The U.S. paid fifty million francs ($11,250,000 USD) and a cancellation of debts worth eighteen million francs ($3,750,000 USD) for a total of sixty-eight million francs ($15,000,000 USD) which averages to less than three cents per acre. -
Marbury v. Madison
A landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution. The landmark decision helped define the boundary between the constitutionally separate executive and judicial branches of the American form of government. -
William Lloyd Garrison
A prominent American abolitionist, journalist, suffragist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, which he founded with Isaac Knapp in 1831 and published in Massachusetts until slavery was abolished by Constitutional amendment after the American Civil War. He was one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. -
War Hawks
A dozen members of the Twelfth Congress. The leader of this group was Speaker of the House Henry Clay of Kentucky. John C. Calhoun of South Carolina was another notable War Hawk. Both of these men became major players in American politics for decades. They pushed the president (James Madison) into war with Britain. -
Period: to
Hartford Convention
A series of meetings in which the New England Federalist Party met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power. Despite radical outcries among Federalists for New England secession and a separate peace with Great Britain, moderates outnumbered them and extreme proposals were not a major focus of the debate. -
Treaty of Ghent
The peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom. The treaty restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum — that is, it restored the borders of the two countries to the lines before the war started in June 1812. -
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
An American suffragist, social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women's rights movement. Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the Seneca Falls Convention held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, is often credited with initiating the first organized women's rights and women's suffrage movements in the United States. -
Erie Canal
A canal in New York that ran about 363 miles (584 km) from Albany, on the Hudson River to Buffalo, at Lake Erie. It was built to create a navigable water route from New York City and the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. -
American System
An economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy during the first half of the 19th century. Rooted in the "American School" ideas of Alexander Hamilton, the plan "consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other 'internal improvements' to develop profitable markets for agriculture." -
Missouri Compromise
A United States federal statute devised by Henry Clay. It regulated slavery in the country's western territories by prohibiting the practice in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north, except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. The compromise was agreed to by both the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress and passed as a law in 1820, under the presidency of James Monroe. -
Terms 1820 (2)
ABOLITION MOVEMENT - The movement to end slavery, led to many tensions and disagreements between the North and South and eventually became the start of the Civil War -
Terms 1820 (1)
INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS - parts (components) that are, for practical purposes, identical.
NULLIFICATION - the act of nullifying, or voiding, a previously held truth.
UTOPIAN COMMUNITY - A perfect community with no flaws, this is what the Puritans were trying to make
MANIFEST DESTINY - God given right / obligation to expand west
JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY - the political movement during the Second Party System toward greater democracy for the common man symbolized by Andrew Jackson and his supporters. -
Monroe Doctrine
A U.S. foreign policy regarding domination of the American continent in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. At the same time, the doctrine noted that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. -
Latter Day Saint Movement (Morman Movement)
The collection of independent church groups that trace their origins to a Christian primitivist movement founded by Joseph Smith in the late 1820s. The movement began in western New York during the Second Great Awakening when Smith said that he received visions revealing a new sacred text, the Book of Mormon, which he published in 1830 as a complement to the Bible. -
Tariff of Abominations
A protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States on May 19, 1828, designed to protect industry in the northern United States. Enacted during the presidency of John Quincy Adams, it was labeled the Tariff of Abominations by its southern detractors because of the effects it had on the antebellum Southern economy. -
Indian Removal Act
Authorized the president to negotiate with southern Indian tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their ancestral homelands. -
Lone Star Republic (Republic of Texas)
An independent sovereign country in North America that existed from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846. It was bordered by the nation of Mexico to the southwest, the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast, the two U.S. states of Louisiana and Arkansas to the east and northeast, and the United States territories encompassing the current U.S. states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico to the north and west. The citizens of the republic were known as Texians. -
Period: to
California Gold Rush
A period in American history which began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California. The news of gold brought—mostly by sailing ships and covered wagons—some 300,000 gold-seekers (called "forty-niners", as in "1849") to California. While most of the newly arrived were Americans, the Gold Rush also attracted some tens of thousands from Latin America, Europe, Australia, and Asia. -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The peace treaty signed on February 2, 1848, in the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo (now a neighborhood of Mexico City) between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican–American War (1846–48). -
Seneca Falls Convention
The first women's rights convention.[1] It advertised itself as "a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman".[2] Held in Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19–20, 1848. Attracting widespread attention. -
Gadsden Purchase
A 29,640-square-mile region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico that was purchased by the United States in a treaty signed on December 30, 1853 by James Gadsden who was the American ambassador to Mexico at that time. -
Fort Sumter
The Battle of Fort Sumter (April 12–14, 1861) was the bombardment and surrender of Fort Sumter, near Charleston, South Carolina, that started the American Civil War. Following declarations of secession by seven Southern states, South Carolina demanded that the US Army abandon its facilities in Charleston Harbor. -
Period: to
American Civil War
A civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. -
First Battle of Bull Run
The First Battle of Bull Run was fought on July 21, 1861, in Prince William County, Virginia, near the city of Manassas, not far from the city of Washington, D.C. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War. The Union's forces were slow in positioning themselves, allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail. Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle. It was a Confederate victory followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union -
Second Battle of Bull Run
The Second Battle of Bull Run or Second Manassas was fought August 28–30, 1862 in Prince William County, Virginia, as part of the American Civil War. It was the culmination of an offensive campaign waged by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia against Union Maj. Gen. John Pope's Army of Virginia, and a battle of much larger scale and numbers than the First Battle of Bull Run. -
Battle of Antietam
This was the first major land battle of the armies in Virginia. The untried Union army under Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell marched from Washington against the Confederate army, which was drawn up behind Bull Run beyond Centreville. -
Battle of Fredericksburg
The Battle of Fredericksburg was fought December 11–15, 1862, in and around Fredericksburg, Virginia, between General Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and the Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by Major General Ambrose Burnside. The Union Army's futile frontal attacks on December 13 against entrenched Confederate defenders on the heights behind the city is remembered as one of the most one-sided battles of the American Civil War. -
Battle of Chancellorsville
The Battle of Chancellorsville was a major battle of the American Civil War, and the principal engagement of the Chancellorsville Campaign. It was fought from April 30 to May 6, 1863, in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, near the village of Chancellorsville. -
Battle of Vicksburg
The Siege of Vicksburg (May 18 – July 4, 1863) was the final major military action in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. In a series of maneuvers, Union Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate Army of Mississippi led by Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton into the defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi. -
Battle of Gettysburg
Fought July 1–3, 1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, by Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War. The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war and is often described as the war's turning point. -
Battle of Petersburg
Was a series of battles around Petersburg, Virginia, fought from June 9, 1864, to March 25, 1865, during the American Civil War. The campaign consisted of nine months of trench warfare in which Union forces commanded by Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant assaulted Petersburg unsuccessfully and then constructed trench lines that eventually extended over 30 miles (48 km) from the eastern outskirts of Richmond, Virginia, to around the eastern and southern outskirts of Petersburg. -
Battle of Atlanta
The Battle of Atlanta was a battle of the Atlanta Campaign fought during the American Civil War on July 22, 1864, just southeast of Atlanta, Georgia. Continuing their summer campaign to seize the important rail and supply center of Atlanta, Union forces commanded by William T. Sherman overwhelmed and defeated Confederate forces defending the city under John B. Hood. Union Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson was killed during the battle. -
Sherman's March to the Sea / Savannah Campaign
Conducted through Georgia from November 15 to December 21, 1864 by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia, on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. His forces destroyed military targets as well as industry, infrastructure, and civilian property and disrupted the Confederacy's economy and its transportation networks. -
Terms 1864 (1)
BLACK CODES - Laws used to restrict freedoms on previous slaves
SHARECROPPING - Allowing someone to use a part of your land to farm for some of the crops harvested.
RADICAL REPUBLICANS - a faction of American politicians within the Republican Party from about 1854 (before the American Civil War) until the end of Reconstruction in 1877. -
Ku Klux Klan
Movements in the United States that have advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy, white nationalism, and anti-immigration, historically expressed through terrorism aimed at groups or individuals whom they opposed. All three movements have called for the "purification" of American society, and all are considered right wing extremist organizations. -
Freedmen's Bureau
Was a U.S. federal government agency established in 1865 to aid freedmen (freed slaves) in the South during the Reconstruction era of the United States, which attempted to change society in the former Confederacy. -
Period: to
Reconstruction
This was the time period that focused on slave's rights, incorporation of these slaves into modern economy, and the rebuilding of the South after the war. -
Battle of Appomattox Court House
The Battle of Appomattox Court House, fought on the morning of April 9, 1865, was one of the last battles of the American Civil War. It was the final engagement of Confederate Army general Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia before it surrendered to the Union Army under Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. -
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Was the first United States federal law to define US citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law. It was mainly intended to protect the civil rights of Africans born in or brought to America, in the wake of the American Civil War. -
14th Amendment
The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws, and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War. -
Enforcement Acts
The Enforcement Acts were three bills passed by the United States Congress between 1870 and 1871. They were criminal codes which protected African-Americans’ right to vote, to hold office, to serve on juries, and receive equal protection of laws. Passed under the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant, the laws also allowed the federal government to intervene when states did not act to protect these rights. -
15th Amendment
The Fifteenth Amendment (Amendment XV) to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." It was ratified on February 3, 1870, as the third and last of the Reconstruction Amendments.
