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Black Codes
Black Codes had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt. It was an attempt to reinstate slavery after the Civil war. These began in 1865 in the southern states. -
13th Amendment
The 13th amendment abolished slavery in the United States. It finally started the movement for black community civil rights. This amendment made white southern land owners furious, causing them to try and find loopholes to this. This amendment was ratified on December 6, 1865. -
14th amendment
The 14th amendment states that any person born in the United States has rights to be a citizen in the US and in the state they reside in. They created this amendment because many southern states would deny former slaves their rights. Also, former slaves never actually got their freedom. They were always beaten, just because of the race. It was ratified in July 28, 1868 -
Sharecropping/ Tenant Farming
After the Civil war, farmers were having a lot of trouble finding help for the lands slaves used to farm. Therefore, they created sharecropping/tenant farming to take advantage of former slaves wanting to own their own land. Sharecropping was very popular in the 1870's. -
15th amendment
The 15th amendment gave African American men the right to vote. Although they were legally allowed to vote, states would put tests that would be impossible to pass unless they were white in order to vote. This was ratified on February 3, 1870 -
Plessy v. Ferguson
U.S supreme court ruled that persons of different race would have to use "separate but equal" facilities. These facilities would include bathrooms, schools, and even water fountains. These things stayed segregated for many years because of this case. The case came to the US supreme court in 1896. -
19th
The 19th amendment granted American women the right to vote. This right is known as women suffrage. It was a huge success to women, because they have never had any kind of freedom. It was ratified on August 18, 1920. -
Non-Violent protest
A non-violent protest is the practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests or civil disobedience without any violence. Although the ones throwing the protest never act in any violent activities, the ones opposed to the cause always perform vicious forms of punishment. The first non-violent protest was from Gandhi in 1930o. -
20th amendment
The 20th amendment made there a start and an end to president terms. Before this, the president served in congress until death. However that changed to a 4 year term, unless they get reelected the following election. This was ratified on January 23, 1933. -
Federal housing authority
It sets standards for construction and underwriting and insures loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building. It insures mortgages on single family and multifamily homes including manufactured homes and hospitals. It was created in 1934. -
Brown Vs. School Board of Education
After many years of segregation, people started to rethink the Plessy case. They decided that "separate" was not equal. Brown fought for unsegregated school and ended up winning the case.The casw was finally decided in1954, after a long process. -
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall was the first African American supreme court justice. He was also a huge civi rights advocate. His greatest achievement was in the Brown vs. Board of School Education landmark victory. 1954 was the year the Brown vs. Board of Education case was decided, which Marshall participated in. -
Desegregation
Desegregation is the the ending of a policy of racial segregation. It first began in an Arkansas high school because of the Brown Vs. Board of Education case. The case ruled that seperate is not equal and schools should be integrated. The year that desegregation finally reached the states was May, of 1954. -
Martin Luther King Jr.
MLK jr. was the leader of the non-violent Montgomery bus boycott. He is widely known for his speech "I had a dream". Martin Luther made a huge impact on the progress of obtaining civil rights for African Americans. In 1955, many civil rights movements began which MLK jr was the leader of. -
Rosa Parks
Rosa park was an employee at NAACP, she was inspired by a young women Claudette Colvin to violate city ordinance. Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a white person, so she was arrested. This caused a major up roar in the black community, sparking the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott started when Rosa Parks got arrested in 1955. The black community stopped riding busses in the town to protest their equal rights. This causes a major economic decline which resulted in the Browder vs, Gayle case, ending segregated busses. This even cause MLK jr, to obtain national prominence. -
Civil Disobediance
Civil disobedience the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest. A lot of this non-violent protests were led by Martin Luther King Jr. A huge example of this was the Montgomery bus boycott which happened in 1955. -
Lynching
Lynching is to kill someone by hanging them for a made up offense without any legal trial. It was mostly used in the southern states to the black community when they violated the jim crow laws. The lynching case that catalyzed the civil rights movement was the Emmett Till lynching in 1955. -
Orville Faubus
Faubus was the governor of Arkansas. He is widely known for ordering Arkansas National Guard to not let African American students attend school. This made the president very angry, causing me to send U.S army escorts for the kids to go to school. They year the kids first attended school was 1957. -
Civil rights act of 1957
The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was primarily a voting bill. It was the first civil rights legislation passed by the United States Congress since the Civil Rights Act of 1875. President Eisenhower was in office at the time of this legislature. -
Sit Ins
Sit Ins are when a group of people peacefully sit in an area to take up space obtain a common goal. Unfortunately for the black community, white people brought violence to these occasions. Most well-known sit ins occurred in Greensboro, North Carolina. Many of these sit-ins began in 1960. -
Cesar Chavez
Chavez was a leader of the Chicano Movement.He started a group that supported farm workers rights and demanded increased wages and better working conditions. This year was when the Chicano movement emerged. -
Hector. P Garcia
Hector P. Garcia was a Mexican-American physician, surgeon, World War II veteran, civil rights advocate, and founder of the American G.I. He was also an was an advocate for Hispanic-American rights during the Chicano movement. In fact, He was the first Mexican-American member of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission and was awarded the Medal of Freedom. The Chicano movement began in the 1960's. -
Affirmative action
Affirmative action is an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination. It was made to ensure that people can be employed without discrimination for their race, gender, etc.It was called in court to " take affirmative action" on May, 6, 1961. -
Betty Friedan
Betty Friedan was an American writer, activist, and feminist.She was a leader in the women's movement in the United States. Her book,"The Feminine Mystique" written in 1963, is widely known for sparking the second wave movement for women rights. -
George Wallace
Wallace was the governor of Alabama.He ran for president four times, but never got elected. Wallace was a pro- segregationist. He had the popular saying " I say segregation today, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever.".George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address was delivered on this date. -
Lester Madox
Madox was the governor of Georgia. He was also a former restaurant owner who refused service to the black community, Because of this, Madox caused the start of the "sit-ins". Although he was a segregationist, he oversaw many employment improvements for blacks. This is the year where he refused service to black customers -
Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow laws were a set of unwritten laws towards the black community. These would include making eye contact with a white person, speaking to a white person, if a white person just doesn't like someone they can say that they violated the "laws", etc. Many of these rules came with brutal punishments if broken. People would be beaten, hung, and even killed and the killer would receive no consequences. These laws were abolished in 1964. -
Civil rights act of 1964
Civil rights act of 1964 was a landmark movement that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.It means that all employees, no matter race, gender, etc, have to be treated the same with equal pay in all establishments. Although this was in place, many white business owners still refused to hired black employees. -
Upward bound
Upward Bound is a federally funded educational program within the United States. It provides opportunities for participants to succeed in their precollege performance and ultimately in their higher education pursuits. Especially for high school students from low-income families; and high school students from families in which neither parent holds a bachelor's degree. This act was created in 1964. -
24th amendment
The 24th amendment abolished the toll tax set to elections. This tax caused poor people to not be able to vote, which at the time was the black community. The US supreme court saw the tax as unequal so they ratified the 24th amendment on January 23, 1964. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Voting Rights Act of 1965 signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on August 6, 1965. This act aimed to get over state and local barriers against African American men not being abled to vote. This was also signed under the 15th amendment. -
Head Start
Head Start is a program that helps out low income families. It helps provide them with comprehensive early childhood education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services. Head start began in 1965 in the United States. -
26th amendment
The 26th amendment changed the legal voting age from 21 to 18 years of age. They changed this because the voting numbers were so low that they decided it was better for the age to be 18. It was ratified by states abruptly in March 1971. But it was later signed into law by president Nixon that July. -
Title IX (9)
Title IX is a comprehensive federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program or activity.Its a portion of the constitution that deals with law. It was signed into law by the president on June 23, 1972.
