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First Punishment for youth
This was the first punishment that youth were given for their bad behavior. They were put in debtors prison to avoid rotting in jail and instead would have to work until their debt was paid off. -
Death Penalty 1642-1762
The first youth killed in the United States -
England Colonies (1641-1672)
Punishment was given to those who committed burgulary/ theft of fruits from gardens. They were given a corporate punishment for stealing clothing. The death penality was given for children over 16 for cursing or smiting their parents. Children were removed from homes if their parents could not control them. -
House of Refuge
Began in London for girls to get out of prostitution. The House of Refuge became a prototype for group homes. -
Death Penalty 1762-1842
Beccaria's call to abolish capital punishment -
New York House of Refuge
The first Reform school. -
New York Society for Reformation of Juveniles
Accepted orphan children and youth convicted of crimes in state and local courts -
Transportation (Late 1700's Early 1800's)
Delinquent children would get transported from England to Austrila. This was their way of punishing the growing number of deviant juvenile. -
Parens Patriae
This doctrine became a part of the American Juvenile Justice System. -
Death Penalty 1842-1922
start to see these kids as children -
First State Juvenile refrom school
First State Juvenile refrom school in New York, this was part of the New York House of Refuge and because of their growing numbers it was taken over by the state. -
California Youth Industiral School
California established this school for youth under the age of 18. These are for youth that were having troubles in thier lives. -
Growing Reform Schools
By this point, there were 51 reform schools total in the country. -
California Jails
The state of California decalred it unlawful to hold children under the age of 16 in jails. -
Containment Theory
Theory by reckless that the tendency to commit unlawful acts is determined by the type or quality of the self concept the person has and the persons ability to "contain" the act. -
Adult vs. Juvenile court
The option to be transferred to adult court was available. -
19th Amendment
This was when women had the right to vote. This changed society's view of women. Believed it had an effect on female deliquents and how they are being viewed as well with the police. -
Death Penalty 1922-1962
moder view of juveniles -
Probation
This created a second chance for juveniles because this was a way of correcting thier behaviors without putting them into the system. -
The Great Depression (Bleak Era)
During this time, the Great Depression brought disruption to the Juvenile Justice System. -
Haley vs. Ohio
Ignored his right to counsel and did not follow proper protical with the youth. -
President's Commission on Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Crime
This committee recommended that the Juvenile Delingquency and Youth Offenses Control Act be put into force. -
Death Penalty 1962-2005
The return of the death penalty -
Labeling Theory
No act is inherently criminal, it is the law that defines certain acts as criminal. -
Miranda Rights
This was when the Miranda Rights was put into act. But the question rises should these rights be modified to juveniles? They may not understand the rights being given to them, This is can cause a whole another issue with juveniles. -
Get Tough Movement (1970s-2000s)
Stricter penalties for youth. This movement went in phases but started in the 1970s and ended around the 2000s. The movement focused on crimes committed and rather than the causes of delinquency. -
Juvenile Justice and Deliquency Prevention Act
This states that youth were not to be in institutions. -
Deinstitutionalization
During this year, Justice act amended the status offenses. Deinstitutionalization is the ac of removing nondelinquent juveniles from secure detention or institutions. -
Female Arrest increase
During the time of 1980-2003 there was an increase of female arrest. The number went from 20%-29%. We can see the view of girls is changing and shifting. -
Deliquent Girls
Between the times of 1985-2002, there was an increase in deliquent girls. During this time the idea of dealing with girls with kid gloves has gone away. Now the girls are starting to be treated more like the boys. -
Thomas VS. Oaklahoma
Death Penality was unconstitutional because it had no mininum age. -
Stanford VS. Kentucky
Juvenile executions do not constitute cruel and unusual punishment. -
Boot Camps
Programs based around militiary basic training in an attempt to balance punishment with treatment and education. -
Status Offenses
Status Offenses have a huge impact with juveniles. As we know status offenses if committed by an adult it would not be a crime. This was a year where there were many stauts offenses committed by youth. -
Roper VS. Simmons
Outlaw the death penality for Juveniles in the United States. -
Juvenile Arrest Patterns
Some juvenile arrest rates went up and some went down in the year of 2008 according to the Uniform Crime Report during this time period.