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This was the first punishment that youth were given for their bad behavior. They were put in debtors prison to avoid rotting in jail and instead would have to work until their debt was paid off.
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The first youth killed in the United States
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Punishment was given to those who committed burgulary/ theft of fruits from gardens. They were given a corporate punishment for stealing clothing. The death penality was given for children over 16 for cursing or smiting their parents. Children were removed from homes if their parents could not control them.
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Began in London for girls to get out of prostitution. The House of Refuge became a prototype for group homes.
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Beccaria's call to abolish capital punishment
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The first Reform school.
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Accepted orphan children and youth convicted of crimes in state and local courts
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Delinquent children would get transported from England to Austrila. This was their way of punishing the growing number of deviant juvenile.
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This doctrine became a part of the American Juvenile Justice System.
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start to see these kids as children
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First State Juvenile refrom school in New York, this was part of the New York House of Refuge and because of their growing numbers it was taken over by the state.
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California established this school for youth under the age of 18. These are for youth that were having troubles in thier lives.
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By this point, there were 51 reform schools total in the country.
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The state of California decalred it unlawful to hold children under the age of 16 in jails.
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Theory by reckless that the tendency to commit unlawful acts is determined by the type or quality of the self concept the person has and the persons ability to "contain" the act.
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The option to be transferred to adult court was available.
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This was when women had the right to vote. This changed society's view of women. Believed it had an effect on female deliquents and how they are being viewed as well with the police.
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moder view of juveniles
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This created a second chance for juveniles because this was a way of correcting thier behaviors without putting them into the system.
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During this time, the Great Depression brought disruption to the Juvenile Justice System.
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Ignored his right to counsel and did not follow proper protical with the youth.
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This committee recommended that the Juvenile Delingquency and Youth Offenses Control Act be put into force.
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The return of the death penalty
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No act is inherently criminal, it is the law that defines certain acts as criminal.
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This was when the Miranda Rights was put into act. But the question rises should these rights be modified to juveniles? They may not understand the rights being given to them, This is can cause a whole another issue with juveniles.
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Stricter penalties for youth. This movement went in phases but started in the 1970s and ended around the 2000s. The movement focused on crimes committed and rather than the causes of delinquency.
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This states that youth were not to be in institutions.
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During this year, Justice act amended the status offenses. Deinstitutionalization is the ac of removing nondelinquent juveniles from secure detention or institutions.
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During the time of 1980-2003 there was an increase of female arrest. The number went from 20%-29%. We can see the view of girls is changing and shifting.
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Between the times of 1985-2002, there was an increase in deliquent girls. During this time the idea of dealing with girls with kid gloves has gone away. Now the girls are starting to be treated more like the boys.
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Death Penality was unconstitutional because it had no mininum age.
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Juvenile executions do not constitute cruel and unusual punishment.
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Programs based around militiary basic training in an attempt to balance punishment with treatment and education.
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Status Offenses have a huge impact with juveniles. As we know status offenses if committed by an adult it would not be a crime. This was a year where there were many stauts offenses committed by youth.
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Outlaw the death penality for Juveniles in the United States.
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Some juvenile arrest rates went up and some went down in the year of 2008 according to the Uniform Crime Report during this time period.