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Scientific Management Theory
Frederick W. Taylor founded the scientific management theory in 1809. This theory demonstrates the study of relationships between people and tasks in the workplace in order to redesign the work process to improve efficiency. Jones, G. & George, J. (2014). Contemporary Management (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Image from:
http://www.12manage.com/methods_taylor_scientific_management.html -
Max Weber's Principles of Bureaucracy
At the turn of the 20th century, sociologist Max Weber developed the principles of bureaucracy, a unique system of managerial design created to provide efficiency and effectiveness. Weber's principles include written rules and procedures in the workplace, hierarchy, a system of tasks and role relationships, and a systems that rewards employees fairly. Jones, G. & George, J. (2014). Contemporary Management (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Image from:http://newlearningonline.com/new-learning/c -
Andrew Carnegie's Impact
Andrew Carnegie is said to be one of themost influential philanthropists of all time. As an immigrant from Scotland, Andrew Carnegie proved that hard work can truly lead to a rise of power in the work force. Carngie is known for his use of resources, and effective and effecient productivity. He started at the bottom in textiles and made his way to the top position of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
Jones, G. & George, J. (2014). Contemporary Management (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. -
Fordism Results in Employee Turnover
As Ford Motor Company began the development of the conveyor belt, Henry Ford began a system of management that would forever change the way managers would regard their employees. Upon completion of the conveyor belt, workers bagan to hate their jobs, and the monotonous ways. Ford hired inspectors to check up on their employees and pry into their personal lives. The employee turnover rate reached 400% in 1914.
Jones, G. & George, J. (2014). Contemporary Management (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hi -
Fayol Establishes Principles of Management
In 1916, Henri Fayol determined 14 principles that he thought contributed to the overall efficiency of the management world. Among these principles include division of labor, equity, centraliziation, initiative, line of authority, and unity of command. These principles are still exectued by successful writers and managers today. Jones, G. & George, J. (2014). Contemporary Management (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Image from: http://alankennedy.typepad.com/my-blog/201 -
Analysis of the Gilbreth's Shapes Management
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth were important pieces of the history of management because of their study of time-and-motion. These two analyzed the actions in the workplace and researched how to make actions more efficient for both the company and worker. The Gilbreths also made advances in the study of making the work environment more accessible for the handicapped.
Gotcher, J. (1992). Assisting the Handicapped: The Pioneering Efforts of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. Journal Of Management, 18(1), 5. -
Authority and Knowledge of Employees
One influential woman in the history of management was Mary Parker Follett, and her ideas regarding employee involvement. Follett introduced concepts such as employee thought, involvement, and knowledge. Follett argued that becuase emloyees are so knowledgeable about their jobs, they should have a say in work development. She believed "Authority should go with knowledge...whether it is up the line or down."
Jones, G. & George, J. (2014). Contemporary Management (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. -
The "HP Way"
Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard began their Hewlett-Packard company in 1938, and ever since their intitial take-off, they established a form of management known as the "HP Way." This type of management stresses the importance of being people-oriented, signifies showing every person respect, and shows recognition to those who deserve it. in the workplace. Their employee respect contributed to their success.
Jones, G. & George, J. (2014). Contemporary Management (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. -
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
In 1943, Abraham Maslow introduced his Hierarchy of Needs model. This model was developed based on research to assist in the management of needs that motivate behaviors. This model lists 5 needs, organized from lowest to highest needs, that can help managers understand which needs their employees may be trying to fulfill.
Gambrel, P. A., & Cianci, R. (2003). Maslow's hierarchy of needs: Does it apply in A collectivist culture. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 8(2), 143-161. -
The Hawthorne Effect
A series of studies was conducted from 1924 to 1932 which were known as the Hawthorne Studies. This reserach was an attempt to identify how the work setting affects worker performance. Studies continued, which eventually lead to the Hawthorne Effect in 1950, which is a finding that a manager's behavior can directly influence an employee's abilities.
Jones, G. & George, J. (2014). Contemporary Management (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Image from:http://www.trademarkia.com/the-hawthorne-effect- -
Development of the Contingency Theory
The Contingency Theory was developed throughout the 1960's by Tom Burns, G.M. Stalker, Paul Lawrence, and Jay Lorsch. The Contingency Theory is an idea that there is not one specific way to organize that is better than others. The theory supports the idea that the organizational structures and methods of control managers decide upon are dependent on the qualities of the environment of the organization. Jones, G. & George, J. (2014). Contemporary Management (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. -
Theory X and Theory Y
Theories X and Y are sets of assumptions that were formed by Douglas McGregor after studying how employee's attitudes can affect the behaviors of managers. Theory X is a set of negative assumptions about employees that concludes that workers have little ambition. Theory Y states that workers will benefit the company.
Jones, G. & George, J. (2014). Contemporary Management (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill
Image: http://designshack.net/articles/business-articles/feedback-from-a-theory-x-and-theory -
Equal Pay Act Signed
The Equal Pay Act was passed in the year 1963 as a requirement for men and women to paid idenitcal wages for their performance of identical work. Jones, G. & George, J. (2014). Contemporary Management (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Image from: http://talentspark.blogspot.com/2010/11/is-pay-equal.html -
Blake and Mouton's Management Model
In 1964, R. Blake and J. Mouton formed a table called the Managerial Grid that rates the level
of concern for employees and their production. They selected the abilities that they thought a person
should have to be an effective manager and the grid exemplifies that a manager should have concern for both the employee and the task.
Roberson, N. A. (2005). Assessing leadership styles using graves' levels of existence and Blake and Mouton's managerial grid. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.127. -
Title VII Bans Discrimination
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act was signed on July 2, 1964 to prohibit discrimination in employment determinations such as hiring, firing, promoting, and pay. Employment outcomes could no longer be based on one's race, religion, sex, color, or origin. Jones, G. & George, J. (2014). Contemporary Management (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Image from: http://www.congressofracialequality.org/civil-rights-acts.html
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Open-Sysems View Created
Daniel Katz, Robert Kahn, and James Thompson created an organizational system of management and work development that contributes back to the environment. This open system takes in the resrouces from the external environment, and converts these resources into goods and services that are able to be transferred back to the environment for purchase. An open system has of three steps: Input, Conversion, Output.
Jones, G. & George, J. (2014). Contemporary Management (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. -
Title IX Gives Women Equal Rights in Higher Education
In 1972, Title IX was passed to prevent the discrimination of women into higher educational programs that receive federal funding. This amendment allowed women to participate in graduate studies, and their supporting programs, to further their education while expanding their horizons to one day be more quailified. Bisol, A. L. (2001, May 09). Results of study on effects of title IX are presented. Telegram & Gazette Image from: http://women.nasa.gov/titleixanniversary/ -
Pregnancy Discrimination Act Enacted
The Pregnancy Discrimination Act was passed in 1978 to amend Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in order to end discrimination on the terms of pregnancy. This Act stops discrimination of women in the workforce due to pregnancy, medical leave, and childbirth. Jones, G. & George, J. (2014). Contemporary Management (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Image from: http://nownyc.org/category/economic-empowerment/women-at-work/ -
"Leadership" By James MacGregor Burns
"Leadership" by James MacGregor Burns is a novel that has helped to shaped the leadership roles of managers. Burns writes about how being a leader should incorporate giving back to society, moral responsibility, ethical awareness, and charisma. Burns explains how leadership in management can be found in history, political science, economics, philosophy, and sociology.
Bailey, J. (2001). Leadership lessons from Mount Rushmore: an interview with James MacGregor Burns. Leadership Quarterly, 12(1), -
Peters and Waterman's List
Around 1980, Tom Peters and Robert Waterman formed a list of the 62 organizations they believed were the top-performing corporations of the time. In their studies, they found extreme similiarities between these organizations' traits, and Fayol's principles. Their list of companies reinforced the principles of intiative, unity of command, unity of direction, equity, order, and division in the workplace.
Jones, G. & George, J. (2014). Contemporary Management (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. -
Americans with Disabilities Act Passed
The Americans with Disabilities Act was passed in 1990 by the US Congress to prevent the discrimination of people with disabilities in the workplace. The ADA provides protections for the who are disabled when employment decisions are made, and also requires employers to create accommodations to better allow disabled individuals to perform their occupations. Jones, G. & George, J. (2014). Contemporary Management (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Image from: http://fairuselab.net -
Family and Medical Leave Act Put into Action
The Family and Mecical Leave Act was designed to provide employees the ability to have up to twelve weeks of unpaid time away from work for medical and family-related purposes. These reasons include paternity leave and illness of a family member. The Family and Medical Leave Act was enacted on February 5, 1993. Jones, G. & George, J. (2014). Contemporary Management (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Image from: http://afscme3800.org/family-and-medical-leave-act-fmla -
USERRA Passed
The Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act was passed on October 13, 1994 in order to protect the employment rights of those who have served in the armed forces. The USERRA was enacted to prevent the discrimination of current and former members of the military when employers are making any type of occupational decision such as hiring, reemployment, and promotions. Pedrick, M. (2002). Military Leaves: Employers Review USERRA Requirements. Image from: blog.snelling.com -
Ken Chenault Appointed CEO
Ken Chenault began his career at American Express an a Travel Service Representaive. Due to his drive, and more importantly his personality and even temper, Chenault was promoted to the position of President and CEO of American Express. Chenault emphasizes an open-door policy and collegues do not recall him ever raising his voice at a worker.
Jones, G. & George, J. (2014). Contemporary Management (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. -
Virginia Rometty Named CEO of IBM
Virginia Rometty was named CEO of the company IBM in 2012, as the first woman to ever take the position. Along with Rometty, several other women were promoted to top positions among their companies from the 2011-2012 span, making history as some of the first women to lead their corporations. Howard, C. (2012). The New Class Of Female CEOs. Forbes.Com, 27.
Image from: http://www.businessbigwigs.com/profiles/ginni-rommetty/
