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The use of media for instructional purposes has been traced back to the first decade of the twentieth century. It was at that time that school museums came into existence. The first school museum opened in St. Louis and shortly after they opened in Reading, Pennsylvania and Cleveland, Ohio. Most of the media housed in them were visual media, such films, slides and photographs.
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During this time there was an increasing interest in using visual media in schools.
In 1910, the first catalog of instructional films was published. Later that year, the public school system of Rochester New York because the first to adopt films for regular instruction. -
The first catalogue of instructional films was published. Later that year the public school system of Rochester, N.Y. became the first to adopt films for regular instructional use.
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Robert Mills Gagné was born August 21, 1916, in North Andover, Massachusetts. He earned an A.B. degree from Yale in 1937 and a Ph.D. from Brown University in 1940.
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Technological advances in areas such as radio broadcasting, sound recording and sound motion pictures led to an increased interest in instructional media. As they began incorporating sound in media the visual instruction movement became known as the audiovisual instruction movement. By 1930 commercial interests in the movement had invested and lost more than $50 million. Important books published: Visualizing the Curriculum written by Charles Hoban Sr., Charles Hoban Jr. and Stanley Zissmen .
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Association for Educational Communications and Technology was created. It has maintained a leadership role in field.
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The radio gained a great deal of attention in the early 1930s. Many hailed it as the medium that would revolutionize education. However, it had very little impact over the next 20 years.
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Three national organizations merge to create the Department of Visual Instruction.
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The military services used audiovisuals extensively during WWII. In 1941, the federal government created the Division of Visual Aids for War training. The organization oversaw the production of 457 training films. The Army Air Force produced more than 400 training films and 600 filmstrips. There was over 4 million showings of training films and filmstrips to U.S. military personnel.
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Increased interest in television as a medium for delivering instruction. This abated by the mid-1960s.
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Widespread interest in computers as an instructional tool did not occur until the 1980s, but much of the early work in computer assisted training was done in the 1950s by researchers at IBM, who developed the first computer assisted instruction author language and designed one fo the first CAI programs to be use in public schools. Today computers and other other technologies are having more of an impact on education and training.
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In 1954, B.F. Skinner wrote the article, "The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching." A behaviorist, Skinner described his ideas regarding the requirements for increasing human learning and the desired characteristics of effective instructional materials. Skinner said the programmed instructional materials should present instruction in small steps, require active responses to frequent questions, provide immediate feedback and allow for learning self-pacing.
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Following the 1948 Convention of the American Psychological Association, Benjamin Bloom took a lead in formulating a classification of “the goals of the educational process.” Bloom headed a group of educational psychologists who developed a classification of levels of intellectual behavior important in learning. This became a taxonomy including three overlapping domains; the cognitive, psychomotor, and affective.
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In response to the Soviet Union launching Sputnik, the first orbiting space satellite, put millions of dollars into improving math and science in the United States. Many of the materials were written by subject matter experts, but not tested on learners. Picture from NASA website.
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In the late 1950s through the 1960s, many of the programmed instructional materials were tested while they were being developed.
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In the early 1960s, criterion-referenced testing emerged to measure how well an individual can perform a particular behavior behavior or set of behaviors, irrespective of how others performed.
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Mager wrote Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction. The book described how ton write objections that include a description of desired learner behaviors, the conditions under which the behaviors are to be performed and the standards (criteria) by which the behaviors are to be judged.
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The design and use of messages which control the learning process
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Gagne writes the first edition of Conditions of Learning. He describes the five domains or types of learning. Learn more: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOIGhyiCwpU
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The general systems concept is characterized as being systematic, systemic, responsive, interdependent, redundant, dynamic, cybernetic, synergistic and creative. Systemic means agreeing to adopt rules and procedures as a way to move through a process. This came about soon after behaviorism emerged as a tenet of instructional design.
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Michael Scriven points to the need to try out drafts of instructional materials with learners prior to the time the materials weren't in their final form. He coined this formative evaluation. He also coined summative evaluation, the testing of instructional materials after that are in their final form.
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Instructional Technology means the media born of the communications revolution which can be used for instructional purposes alongside the teacher, textbook and blackboard. It is a systematic way of thinking designing, carrying out and evaluating the whole process of learning and teaching in terms of specific objectives, based on research, and more.
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This view rose to prominence among psycologists in the 70s and variations continue today. This theory regards the environment as playing an important role in learning. Atkinson and Shriffen's multistage multistory theory of memory is generally regarded as the basis of this theory.
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The Gagne-Briggs model is a prescriptive model that describes not only how to create instruction for all domains of learning, but how to determine the content. This model has three phases: 1. determine objectives, 2. sequence, and 3. create the external events of learning. https://web.cortland.edu/frieda/id/idtheories/1.html#:~:text=The%20Gagne%2DBriggs%20model%20is,sequence%2C%20and%203.
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The ADDIE Design Model is an acronym for Anaylze, Design, Develop, Implement and Evaluate. Creating products using an ADDIE process remains one of today's most effective tools. It was created by the Center for Educational Technology at Florida State University for the U.S. Army and then quickly adapted by all the U.S. Armed Forces (Branson, Rayner, Cox, Furman, King, Hannum, 1975; Watson, 1981). https://educationaltechnology.net/the-addie-model-instructional-design/
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The U.S. military adopted an instructional design model intended to guide the development of training materials within those branches.
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Educational Technology is a complex, integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas, device, and organization, for analyzing problems and devising, implementing, evaluating and managing solutions to those problems, involved in all aspects of human learning.
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Walt Dick and Lou Carey began teaching their model of instructional designing in the early 1970s at Florida State University. The Dick Carey and Carey Model uses a systems approach to help instructional designers develop curricula through a series of nine steps which work together toward a defined instructional goal. Their textbook was the The Systematic Design of Instruction.
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During the 1980s, there was a growing interest in how the principles of cognitive psychology could be applied to instructional design processes.
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During the 1980s there was an increasing interest in the use of the personal computer, which had a major effect on instructional design practices. Many in the field turned their attention to computer based instruction. Computers began to be used as tools to automate some instructional design tasks.
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Keller creates a systematic motivational design process that includes an analysis of audience motivation to determine the number and types of appropriate tactics to include. Learn more: http://www.arcsmodel.com
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Howard Barrows developed a model for centering instruction around a key statement of problem, prompting team-based inquiry and problem solving processes.
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This movement has an emphasis on on-the-job performance rather than learning, business results, and noninstructional solutions to performance problems. During this decade, instructional designers have had an interest in using computers as an aid to improve on-the-job performance. Most say it has slowly emerged over the last 50 years.Thomas Gilbert is considered the father of what was known as Human Performance Technology.
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Learning is an active process of meaning-making gained in and through our experience and interactions with the world. People make meaning out of what they encounter. Learning is a social activity involving collaboration, negotiation and participation in authentic practices of community.
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The internet offered opportunities to train many people long distances. The Internet is often used as a means to allow learners interact with their instructor and with other learners, as well as with instructional content.
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Marlene Scardamelia developed an online environment for collaborative problem solving, reasoning and argumentation.
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Instructional Technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning.
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While the ADDIE model has been around since 1975, it was generally known as SAT (System Approach to Training) or ISD (Instructional System Design). The earliest reference that I have been able to locate that uses the acronym of “ADDIE” is a paper by Michael Schlegel (1995), in A Handbook of Instructional and Training Program Design.
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Situated Learning Theory says knowledge is presumed to accrue in meaningful actions, actions that have relations in meaning to one another in terms of some cultural system.
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Wlodkowski's Model contains categories of motivational tactics and prescribes when to use them during an episode of instruction.
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Instructional design has been increasingly reliant on informal learning as a means to improving learning and performance in the workplace. People have turned to to social media, mobile devices and performance support tools to help them perform their jobs and the need for formal training has decreased.
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Canadians George Siemens and Stephen Downes developed this approach to learning which stresses the active creation of meaning by engaging networks of human and information resources and based on ideas derived from the open Web and online learning.
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Teachers Jon Bergmann and Aaron Sams of Colorado created flipped learning or flipped classrooms where students watched recorded lectures at home and used their classroom time for student consultation and problem solving.
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MOOCs were first introduced in 2008, but became more popular in 2012. These courses are the form of larger open education movement and provide open cost free access to course and offer a learner led approach. Learners can decide, how, where and how long they want to study.
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Educational Technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources.
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The active learning classroom to accommodate constructivist learning. The first one was developed
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Reiser, R.A. & Dempsey, J.V. (Eds.) (2017). Trends and issues in instructional design and technology. (4th ed.) Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
