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Changes in Public Policy: GI Bill
<b>Description</b>
<ul>
<li> Provided financial assistance to World War II veterans</li>
<li> Access to college education for thousands of unemployed veterans</li>
<li>First in a series of financial aid mechanisms</li>
</ul> <b>Influence on Trends in Higher Education</b>
<ul>
<li> Created an increased demand for higher education and led to the expansion of commuity colleges</li>
<li>Influenced schools to diversify programmatic offerings to meet needs of new adult learner population</li>
</ul> -
Period: to
Government Investment in University Research
<b>Increased government investment in research established universities as leaders in innovation and scientific discovery</b>
<ul type="circle">
<li>In 1945, innovation in modern computing began at the University of Pennsylvania</li>
<li>During the second half of the 20th century, the government invested significantly in defense-related technology</li>
<li>In the 1970s and 1980s, health-related research increased significantly </li> -
The 1965 HIgher Education Act
<b> Description </b>
Set guidelines for federal distribution of student aid. The 1972 update allowed for-profit institutions to be eligible for federal student aid. <b>Influence on Trends in Higher Education</b>
<ul>
<li>Institutions who accept student aid are required to follow the accompanying rules and regulations.</li>
<li>Government has greater influence over policies including nondiscrimination practices and student privacy rules. </li>
</ul> -
Period: to
Changes in Economy
<b>Shift from manufacturing and agricultural sectors to service and knowledge sectors </b>
<ul type="circle">
<li>Created demand for undergraduate and professional degrees </li>
<li>Increase in training programs for professional and technical fields</li>
<li>Increase in adult learners and mid-career professionals</li>
<li>Highly technical nature of jobs created need for workers to retrain often
<li>Growth in nontraditional educational programs
</ul> -
Patent and Trademark Amendments of 1980
<b>Description</b>
<ul>
<li>Allowed universities to apply for patents on scientific innovations created through federally funding research</li>
</ul> <b>Influence on Trends in Higher Education</b>
<ul>
<li> Created opportunities for collaboration between universities and corporations<</li>
<li>Commercialization of research Influenced universities to view research as not only intellectually valuable, but valuable in the marketplace</li>
</ul> -
Period: to
Use of Technological Innovations
<b>Increased availabilty and use of communication and information technologies </b>
<ul type="circle">
<li> By 1998, almost 80% of public universities offered distance education</li>
<li></li>
<li> Introduced conflict of ownership of intellectual property and instructional materials between faculty and administration </li>
<li>Removing geography as a barrier created a market of place-bound students</li>
<li>Lower costs of "virtual education" created opportunities for new institutions to emerge -
The 1998 Higher Education Act
Description: clarified governments' role in assisting with distance education programs <b>Influence on Trends in Higher Education</b>
<ul>
<li> Distance education programs now eligible for federal student aid</li>
<li>Accrediting agencies allowed to review distance education programs</li>
</ul>
