Industrial Revolution Timeline

Richard Arkwright was an inventor and entrepreneur credited as the driving force behind the development of the spinning frame, known as the water frame after it was adapted to use water power; and he patented a rotary carding engine to convert raw cotton to 'cotton lap' prior to spinning. Arkwright created mass-produced yarn; the water frame made it possible to spin cotton yarn in greater quantities. He is therefore known as the father of the modern industrial factory system.

The spinning jenny, invented by James Hargreaves, is a multi-spindle spinning frame, and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of textile manufacturing during the early Industrial Revolution due to the ability of the device to reduce the amount of work needed to produce cloth. The shortage of spinning capacity provided the motivation to develop more productive spinning techniques, and triggered the Industrial Revolution.

Thomas Malthus was an English cleric, economist, and demographer who theorized that population growth will always tend to outrun the food supply and that betterment of humankind is impossible without strict limits on reproduction. Unlike his prediction, the Industrial Revolution became the first escape from the Malthusian trap, and he is criticized for not having been able to predict the change in diets and production that allowed for it to happen.

A machine that separates cotton fibers from their seeds, enabling much greater productivity than manual cotton separation. Due to this, it revolutionized the cotton industry in the United States, but also led to the growth of slavery in the American South as the demand for cotton harvesting rapidly increased, and is therefore identified as an indirect cause of the American Civil War. Eli Whitney developed a short-staple cotton gin in 1793 which was more useful than the Indian roller gin.

A mutual aid society is an organization that provides benefits or other help to its members when they are affected by things such as death, sickness, disability, old age, or unemployment. Mutual aid participants work together to figure out strategies and resources to meet each other's needs. In the mid-18th century, as the Industrial Revolution hastened the growth of British towns, the friendly society system was established.

A manufacturing process in which parts are added as the semi-finished product moves from workstation to workstation where the parts are added in sequence until the final product is produced. Many industries saw expeditious improvement in materials handling, machining, and assembly during the 19th century thanks to the assembly line's usage.

Interchangeable parts are parts that are near identical. Each part can replace another, which interchangeability allows easy assembly of new devices, and easier repair of existing devices, while minimizing both the time and skill required of the person doing the assembly or repair. The principle of interchangeable parts flourished and developed throughout the 19th century, and led to mass production in many industries.

Karl Marx was a philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, and socialist revolutionary, most famously known for his work with the advocation of communism and his pamphlet The Communist Manifesto. Marx's critical theories hold that societies develop through class conflict. He sought to implement a classless, communist society and argued that the Industrial Revolution had polarized the gap between the owners of the means of production and the workers even more

Socialism is a political, social, and economic philosophy which involves social ownership, social control, socialization, or regulation. Initial use of socialism was in the 1832; original utopian socialists condemned it, and the emphasis on individualism, for failing to address social concerns during the Industrial Revolution, including poverty, oppression, and vast wealth inequality. They viewed their society as harming community life by basing life on competition.

Alfred Nobel was a chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and philanthropist. Nobel's most famous invention was dynamite, a safer and easier means of harnessing the explosive power of nitroglycerin; it was used worldwide for mining and infrastructure development. Dynamite expedited the building of roads, tunnels, canals, and other construction projects. After it become used for war efforts, Nobel retaliated against war profiting accusations by using his fortune to establish the Nobel Prize

Communism is a social, political, and economic ideology with common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money, and the state. As the Industrial Revolution advanced, critics blamed capitalism for the misery of the proletariat— factory workers who labored under often-hazardous conditions. Capitalism divided them and the bourgeoisie; the latter (with private ownership of the means of production) earning profit generated by the proletariat, who have no ownership.

Social democracy is a political, social, and economic philosophy advocating economic and social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a liberal-democratic polity and a capitalist-oriented mixed economy. During the late 19th century/early 20th century, social democracy aimed to replace private ownership with social ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange. It advocated an evolutionary and peaceful transition from capitalism to socialism.

Guglielmo Marconi was an inventor and electrical engineer who was known for his creation of a practical radio wave-based wireless telegraph system. He developed, demonstrated and marketed the first successful long-distance wireless telegraph and in 1901 broadcast the first transatlantic radio signal. His inventions would have important military applications in the 20th century. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics (1909) for the development of wireless telegraphy,

An airplane is a fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine, propeller, or rocket engine. The American Wright brothers flights in 1903 are considered the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight. The brothers were also the first to invent aircraft controls that made fixed-wing powered flight possible. Later, airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of World War II.

The Social Gospel Movement arose during the nineteenth century urban industrialization, immediately following the Civil War. It is a social movement that applied Christian ethics to social problems, such as issues of social justice like economic inequality, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, unclean environment, child labor, lack of unionization, poor schools, and the dangers of war.